[Footnote 20:  Chamberlain’s Aino Studies, p. 12.]

[Footnote 21:  Geological Survey of Japan, by Benj.  S. Lyman, 1878-9.]

[Footnote 22:  The Shell Mounds of Omori; and The Tokio Times, Jan. 18, 1879, by Edward S. Morse; Japanese Fairy World, pp.  I78, 191, 196.]

[Footnote 23:  Kojiki, pp. 60-63.]

[Footnote 24:  S. and H., pp. 58, 337, etc.]

[Footnote 25:  This study in comparative religion by a Japanese, which cost the learned author his professorship in the Tei-Koku Dai Gaku or Imperial University (lit.  Theocratic Country Great Learning Place), has had a tendency to chill the ardor of native investigators.  His paper was first published in the Historical Magazine of the University, but the wide publicity and popular excitement followed only after republication, with comments by Mr. Taguchi, in the Keizai Zasshi (Economical Journal).  The Shint[=o]ists denounced Professor Kumi for “making our ancient religion a branch of Christianity,” and demanded and secured his “retirement” by the Government.  See Japan Mail, April 2, 1892, p. 440.]

[Footnote 26:  T.A.S.J., Vol.  XXI., p. 282.]

[Footnote 27:  Kojiki, p. xxviii.]

[Footnote 28:  For the use of salt in modern “Esoteric” Shint[=o], both in purification and for employment as of salamandrine, see T.A.S.J., pp. 125, 128.]

[Footnote 29:  In the official census of 1893, nine Shint[=o] sects are named, each of which has its own Kwancho or Presiding Head, recognized by the government.  The sectarian peculiarities of Shint[=o] have been made the subject of study by very few foreigners.  Mr. Satow names the following: 

The Yui-itsu sect was founded by Toshida Kane-tomo.  His signature appears as the end of a ten-volume edition, issued A.D. 1503, of the liturgies extracted from the Yengishiki or Book of Ceremonial Law, first published in the era of Yengi (or En-gi), A.D. 901-922.  He is supposed to be the one who added the kana, or common vernacular script letters, to the Chinese text and thus made the norito accessible to the people.  The little pocket prayer-books, folded in an accordeon-like manner, are very cheap and popular.  The sect is regarded as heretical by strict Shint[=o]ists, as the system Yuwiitsu consists “mainly of a Buddhist superstructure on a Shint[=o] foundation.”  Yoshida applied the tenets of the Shingon or True Word sect of Buddhists to the understanding and practice of the ancient god-way.

The Suiga sect teaches a system which is a combination of Yuwiitsu and of the modern philosophical form of Confucianism as elaborated by Chu Hi, and known in Japan as the Tei-shu philosophy.  The founder was Yamazaki Ansai, who was born in 1618 and died in 1682.  By combining the forms of the Yoshida sect, which is based on the Buddhism of the Shingon sect, with the materialistic philosophy of Chu Hi, he adapted the old god-way to what he deemed modern needs.