[Footnote 9:  This is the contention of Professor Kumi, late of the Imperial University of Japan; see chapter on Shint[=o].]

[Footnote 10:  In illustration, comical or pitiful, the common people in Satsuma believe that the spirit of the great Saigo Takamori, leader of the rebellion of 1877, “has taken up its abode in the planet Mars,” while the spirits of his followers entered into a new race of frogs that attack man and fight until killed—­Mounsey’s The Satsuma Rebellion, p. 217.  So, also, the Heike-gani, or crabs at Shimonoseki, represent the transmigration of the souls of the Heike clan, nearly exterminated in 1184 A.D., while the “H[=o]j[=o] bugs” are the avatars of the execrated rulers of Kamakura (1219-1333 A.D.).—­Japan in History, Folk-lore, and Art, Boston, 1892, pp. 115, 133.]

[Footnote 11:  The Future of Religion in Japan.  A paper read at the Parliament of Religions by Nobuta Kishimoto.]

[Footnote 12:  The Ainos, though they deify all the chief objects of nature, such as the sun, the sea, fire, wild beasts, etc., often talk of a Creator, Kotan kara kamui, literally the God who made the World.  At the fact of creation they stop short....  One gathers that the creative act was performed not directly, but through intermediaries, who were apparently animals.”—­Chamberlain’s Aino Studies, p. 12.  See also on the Aino term “Kamui,” by Professor B.H.  Chamberlain and Rev. J. Batchelor, T.A.S.J., Vol.  XVI.]

[Footnote 13:  See Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, by Isabella Bird (Bishop), Vol.  II.; The Ainu of Japan, by Rev. John Batchelor; B. Douglas Howard’s Life With Trans-Siberian Savages; Ripley Hitchcock’s Report, Smithsonian Institute, Washington.  Professor B. H. Chamberlain’s invaluable “Aino Studies,” T[=o]ki[=o], 1887, makes scholarly comparison of the Japanese and Aino language, mythology, and geographical nomenclature.]

[Footnote 14:  M.E., The Mythical Zooelogy of Japan, pp. 477-488.  C.R.M., passim.]

[Footnote 15:  See the valuable article entitled Demoniacal Possession, T.J., p. 106, and the author’s Japanese Fox Myths, Lippincott’s Magazine, 1873.]

[Footnote 16:  See the Aino animal stories and evidences of beast worship in Chamberlain’s Aino Studies.  For this element in Japanese life, see the Kojiki, and the author’s Japanese Fairy World.]

[Footnote 17:  The proprietor of a paper-mill in Massachusetts, who had bought a cargo of rags, consisting mostly of farmers’ cast off clothes, brought to the author a bundle of scraps of paper which he had found in this cheap blue-dyed cotton wearing apparel.  Besides money accounts and personal matters, there were numerous temple amulets and priests’ certificates.  See also B.H.  Chamberlain’s Notes on Some Minor Japanese Religious Practices, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, May, 1893.]

[Footnote 18:  M.E., p. 440.]

[Footnote 19:  See the Lecture on Buddhism in its Doctrinal Development.—­The Nichiren Sect.]