[Footnote 306:  Ibid., p. 280.]

[Footnote 307:  See Davidson and Stuve, History of Illinois, Chapter on “State Policy.”]

[Footnote 308:  Shaw, Local Government in Illinois, in the Johns Hopkins University Studies, Vol.  I; Newell, Township Government in Illinois.]

[Footnote 309:  Harris, Negro Servitude in Illinois, Chapter II.]

[Footnote 310:  Ibid., Chapter III.  See Article VI of the Constitution.]

[Footnote 311:  Ibid., Chapter IV.  See also Moses, History of Illinois, Vol.  I, p. 324.]

[Footnote 312:  Harris, Negro Servitude, pp. 125, 136-357]

[Footnote 313:  Journal of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, pp. 453-456.]

[Footnote 314:  Whig Almanac, 1841.]

[Footnote 315:  Ibid., 1845.]

[Footnote 316:  Smith, Liberty and Free Soil Parties, pp. 326-327.]

[Footnote 317:  Smith, Liberty and Free Soil Parties, pp. 328-329.]

[Footnote 318:  House Journal, p. 52.]

[Footnote 319:  All these fifteen voted for the Democratic candidate for Speaker of the House.]

[Footnote 320:  House Journal, p. 52; Senate Journal, p. 44.  See also Harris, Negro Servitude in Illinois, p. 177.]

[Footnote 321:  See Speech in Senate, December 23, 1851.]

[Footnote 322:  See the writer’s article on “The Genesis of Popular Sovereignty” in the Iowa Journal of History and Politics for January, 1905.]

[Footnote 323:  Davidson and Stuve, History of Illinois, pp. 241-242.]

[Footnote 324:  Northwestern Gazette, March 19, 1842.]

[Footnote 325:  September 27, 1849.]

[Footnote 326:  Compare his utterances on the following dates:  January 10, 1849; January 22, 1849; October 23, 1849 at Springfield, Illinois; February 12, 1850; June 3, 1850.]

CHAPTER IX

MEASURES OF ADJUSTMENT

When Congress assembled in December, 1849, statesmen of the old school, who could agree in nothing else, were of one mind in this:  the Union was in peril.  In the impressive words of Webster, “the imprisoned winds were let loose.  The East, the North, and the stormy South combined to throw the whole sea into commotion, to toss its billows to the skies, and disclose its profoundest depths.”  Clay and Calhoun were equally apprehensive.  Yet there were younger men who shared none of these fears.  To be sure, the political atmosphere of Washington was electric.  The House spent weeks wrangling over the Speakership, so that when the serious work of legislation began, men were overwrought and excitable.  California with a free constitution was knocking at the door of the Union.  President Taylor gave Congress to understand that at no distant day the people of New Mexico would take similar action.  And then, as though he were addressing a body of immortals, he urged Congress to await calmly the action of the people of the Territories.