promptly sustained all the indictments.  The young attorney was in high feather; and he made the most of his triumph.  The incident taught him a useful lesson:  henceforth he would admit nothing, and require his opponents to prove everything that bore upon the case in hand.  Some time later, upon comparing the printed statute of the county with the enrolled bill in the office of the Secretary of State, Douglas found that the printer had made a mistake and that the name of the county should have been M’Lean.[44]

On the whole Douglas seems to have discharged his not very onerous duties acceptably.  The more his fellow practitioners saw of him, the more respect they had for him.  Moreover, they liked him personally.  His wholesome frankness disarmed ill-natured opponents; his generosity made them fast friends.  There was not an inn or hostelry in the circuit, which did not welcome the sight of the talkative, companionable, young district attorney.

Politically as well as socially, Illinois was in a transitional stage.  Although political parties existed, they were rather loose associations of men holding similar political convictions than parties in the modern sense with permanent organs of control.  He who would might stand for office, either announcing his own candidacy in the newspapers, or if his modesty forbade this course, causing such an announcement to be made by “many voters.”  In benighted districts, where the light of the press did not shine, the candidate offered himself in person.  Even after the advent of Andrew Jackson in national politics, allegiance to party was so far subordinated to personal ambition, that it was no uncommon occurrence for several candidates from each party to enter the lists.[45] From the point of view of party, this practice was strategically faulty, since there was always the possibility that the opposing party might unite on a single candidate.  What was needed to insure the success of party was the rationale of an army.  But organization was abhorrent to people so tenacious of their personal freedom as Illinoisans, because organization necessitated the subordination of the individual to the centralized authority of the group.  To the average man organization spelled dictation.

The first step in the effective control of nominations by party in Illinois, was taken by certain Democrats, foremost among whom was S.A.  Douglas, Esq.  His rise as a politician, indeed, coincides with this development of party organization and machinery.  The movement began sporadically in several counties.  At the instance of Douglas and his friend Brooks of the News, the Democrats of Morgan County put themselves on record as favoring a State convention to choose delegates to the national convention of 1836.[46] County after county adopted the suggestion, until the movement culminated in a well-attended convention at Vandalia in April, 1835.  Not all counties were represented, to be sure, and no permanent organization