and locate upon their estates to prey upon the more favoured or better governed territories around them.  From those gangs of freebooters who are to be found upon the estate of almost every native chief, no accumulation of movable property of any value is ever for a moment considered safe, and those who happen to have any such are always in dread of losing, not only their property, but their lives along with it, for these gangs, secure in the protection of such chief, are reckless in their attack, and kill all who happen to come in their way.[14]

Notes: 

1.  This phrase is meant to include America.

2.  Money-lenders naturally have flourished daring the long period of internal peace since the Mutiny.  They vary in wealth and position from the humblest ‘gombeen man’ to the millionaire banker.  Many of these money-lenders are now among the largest owners of land in the country.  Under native rule interests in land were generally too precarious to be saleable.  The author did not foresee that the growth of private property in land would carry with it the right and desire of one party to sell and of another to buy, and would thus favour the growth of large estates, and, to a considerable extent, counteract the evils of subdivision.  Of course, like everything else, the large estates have their evils too.  Much nonsense is written about sales of land in India, as well as in Ireland.  The two countries have more than the initial letter in common.

3.  Theorists declare that it is right that the tax-payers should know what is taken from them, and that, therefore, direct taxes are best; but practical men who have to govern ignorant and suspicious races, resentful of direct taxation, know that indirect taxation is, for such people, the best.

4.  This illustration would give a very false idea of modern Indian finance.

5.  They have no duty to perform as creditors; but as citizens of an enlightened nation they no doubt perform many of them, very important ones. [W.  H. S.] The author’s whimsical comparison between stockholders and Adam and Eve, and his notion that the creditors of the nation may be regarded as officials without duties, only obscure a simple matter.  The emigration of owners of Consols never assumed very alarming dimensions.

6.  The Corn Laws were repealed in 1846, and the shilling duty which was then left was abolished in 1869.  Considering that the author belonged to a land-owning family, his clear perception of the evils caused by the Corn Laws is remarkable.

7.  By the ‘Western Provinces’ the author means the region called later the North-Western Provinces, and now known as the Agra Province in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, with the Delhi Territories, which latter are now partly under the Government of the Panjab, and partly in the new small Province, or Chief Commissionership of Delhi.

8.  At the time referred to, the provincial Government had not been constituted.