The ‘old man of the mountains’ with whom the author compares Nizam-ud-din (or at least the original ‘old man of the mountains’, Shaikh-ul Jabal), was Hasan-ibn-Sabbah (or, us-Sabbah), who founded the sect of so-called Assassins in the mountains on the shores of the Caspian, and flourished from about A.D. 1089 to 1124.  Hulaku the Mongol broke the power of the sect in A.D. 1256 (Thatcher, in Encycl.  Brit., 11th ed., 1910, s. v.  ’Assassin’).

14.  Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, who had been a slave, reigned from A.D. 1210 to 1235.  His Turkish name is variously written as Yulteemush, Altamsh, Alitmish, &c.  The form Iltutmish is correct (Z.D.M.G., 1907, p. 192).  His tomb is discussed post.

15.  This is not quite accurate.  A similar minar, or mosque tower, built in the middle of the thirteenth century, formerly existed at Koil in the Aligarh district (A.S.R., i. 191), and two mosques at Bayana in the Bharatpur State, have each only one minar, placed outside the courtyard (ibid., vol. iv, p. ix).  Chitor in Rajputana possesses two noble Hindoo towers, one about 80 feet high, erected in connexion with Jain shrines, and the other, about 120 feet high, erected by Kumbha Rana as a tower or pillar of victory. (Fergusson, Hist. of Indian and Eastern Architecture, ed. 1910, vol. ii, pp. 57-61.)

16.  The short life of James Prinsep extended only from August 20, 1799, to April 22, 1840, and practically terminated in 1838, when his brain began to fail from the undue strain caused by incessant and varied activity.  His memorable discoveries in archaeology and numismatics are recorded in the seven volumes of the J.A.S.B. for the years 1832-8.  His contributions to those volumes were edited by B. Thomas, and republished in 1868 under the title of Essays on Indian Antiquities.  Sir Alexander Cunningham, who was one of Prinsep’s fellow workers, gives interesting details of the process by which the discoveries were made, in the Introduction to the first volume of the Reports of the Archaeological Survey.  No adequate account of James Prinsep’s remarkable career has been published.  He was singularly modest and unassuming.  A good summary of his life is given in Higginbotham’s Men whom India has Known, 2nd ed., Madras, 1874.  See also the editor’s paper, ‘James Prinsep’, in East and West, Bombay, July, 1906.

17.  The monolith pillars alluded to in the text are chiefly those of the great Emperor Piyadasi, Beloved of the Gods, also known by the name of Asoka.  So far from being memorials of a time when ’the mechanical arts were in a rude state’, the Asoka columns exhibit the arts of the stone-cutter and sculptor in perfection.  They were erected about 242 to 230 B.C., and the inscriptions on them contain a code of moral and religions precepts.  They do not commemorate conquests, although the Asoka pillar at Allahabad has been utilized by later sovereigns for the recording