11.  This mad tyrant, among other horrible deeds, flayed his nephew alive.  He attempted to invade China through the Himalayas, and for three years issued a forced currency of brass and copper, which he vainly tried to make people take as equal in value to silver.  Strange to say, he was allowed to reign for nearly twenty-seven years, and to die peacefully in his bed.  The hunts of the ’innocent and unoffending people’ were organized rather to gain the benefit of ’sending infidels to hell’ than for ‘mere amusement’.  Daulatabad was the name given by Muhammad bin Tughlak to the ancient fortress of Deogir (Deogiri, Deoghur), situated about ten miles from Aurangabad, in what is now the Hyderabad State.

12.  In the original edition the Moghal leader’s name is printed as ‘Turmachurn’, the Tarmasharin (with variations in spelling) of Muhammadan authors (see E. and D., iii. 42, 450, 507; v. 485; vi. 222).  The name Turghi is given by Thomas, who says he invested Delhi in A.H. 703, corresponding to A.D. 1303-4; and refers to an article in J.A.S.B., vol. xxxv (1866), Part I, pp. 199-218, entitled ’Notes on the History and Topography of the Ancient Cities of Delhi’, by O. Campbell. (Chronicles, p. 175, note.) Campbell writes the leader’s name as Turghai Khan.  Apparently Tarmasharin was identical with Turghi or Turghai Khan, but I am not sure that he was.  The Moghals made several raids during the reign of Ala-ud-din Muhammad Shah.

13.  The tomb of Nizam-ud-din is further noticed in the next chapter of this work.  It is situated in an enclosure which contains other notable tombs.  The following extract from the author’s Ramaseeana (p. 121) gives additional particulars concerning this saint of questionable sanctity:  ’Nizam-ud-din Aulia.—­A saint of the Sunni sect of Muhammadans, said to have been a Thug of great note at some period of his life, and his tomb near Delhi is to this day visited as a place of pilgrimage by Thugs, who make votive offerings to it.  He is said to have been of the Barsot class, born in the month of Safar [633], Hijri, March A.D. 1236; died Rabi-ul-awwal, 725, October A.D. 1325. [The months as stated do not correspond.—­Ed.] His tomb is visited by Muhammadan pilgrims from all parts as a place of great sanctity from containing the remains of so holy a man; but the Thugs, both Hindoo and Muhammadan, visit it as containing the remains of the most celebrated Thug of his day.  He was of the Sunni sect, and those of the Shia sect find no difficulty in believing that he was a Thug; but those of his own sect will never credit it.  There are perhaps no sufficient grounds to pronounce him one of the fraternity; but there are some to suspect that he was so at some period of his life.  The Thugs say he gave it up early in life, but kept others employed in it till late, and derived an income from it; and the ‘dast-ul-ghaib’, or supernatural purse, with which he was supposed to be endowed, gives a colour to this.  His lavish expenditure, so much beyond his ostensible means, gave rise to the belief that he was supplied from above with money.’