6.  The blunder of calling the Sultans of Delhi by the name Pathan, due to the translators of Firishta’s History, has been perpetuated by Thomas’s well-known work, The Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Delhi, and in countless other books.  The name is quite wrong.  The only Pathan Sultans were those of the Lodi dynasty, which immediately preceded Babur, and those of the Sur dynasty, the rivals of Babur’s son.  ’He (scil. Ghiyas-ud-din Balban) was a Turk of the Ilbari tribe, but compilers of Indian Histories and Gazetteers, and archaeological experts, turn him, like many Turks, Tajziks, Jats, and Sayyids, into Pathans, which is synonymous with Afghan, it being the vitiated Hindi equivalent of Pushtun, the name by which the people generally known as Afghans call themselves, in their own language. . . .  It is quite time to give up Dow and Briggs’ Ferishta.’ (Raverty, in J.A.S.B., vol. lxi (1892), Part I, p. 164, note.)

7.  The murder of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlak by his son Fakhr-ud-din Juna, also called Ulugh Khan, occurred in the year A.H. 725, which began on 18th December, 1324 (o.s.).  The testimony of the contemporary traveller Ibn Batuta establishes the fact that the fall of the pavilion was premeditated. (Thomas, Chronicles, pp. 187, 189.) The murderer, on his accession to the throne (1325), assumed the style of Muhammad bin Tughlak Shah.

8.  Jalal-ud-din Firoz Shah Khilji was murdered by his son-in-law and nephew Ala-ud-din at Karra on the Ganges in July, A.D. 1296.  The murderer reigned until A.D. 1315 under the title of Ala-ud-din Muhammad Shah, Sikandar Sani.

9.  As already noted, his proper style is Muhammad bin Tughlak Shah.  The word bin means ‘son of’.  The Sultan is never called ’Muhammad the Third’.

10.  A Muhammadan must, if he can, say his prayers with the prescribed forms five times in the twenty-four hours; and on Friday, which is their sabbath, he must, if he can, say three prayers in the church masjid.  On other days he may say them where he pleases.  Every prayer must begin with the first chapter of the Koran—­this is the grace to every prayer.  This said, the person may put in what other prayers of the Koran he pleases, and ask for that which he most wants, as long as it does not injure other Musalmans.  This is the first chapter of the Koran:  ’Praise be to God the Lord of all creatures—­the most merciful—­the King of the day of judgement.  Thee do we worship, and of Thee do we beg assistance.  Direct us in the right way—­in the way of those to whom Thou hast been gracious; not of those against whom Thou art incensed; nor of those who go astray.’ [W.  H. S.] The quotation is from Sale’s version.  The last clause may also be rendered, ’The way of those to whom Thou hast been gracious, against whom Thou art not incensed, and who have not erred,’ as Sale points out in his note.