7.  In the original edition these statistics are given in words.  Figures have been used in this edition as being more readily grasped.  The Central Provinces Gazetteer (1870) gives the following figures:  Area of district, 4,261 square miles; population, 620,201; villages, 2,707; wells in use, 5,515.  The Gazetteer figures apparently include wells of all kinds, and do not reckon hamlets separately.  Wells are, of course, an absolute necessity, and their construction could not be avoided in a country occupied by a fixed population.  The number of temples and mosques was very small for so large a population.  Many of the tanks, too, are indispensably necessary for watering the cattle employed in agriculture.  The ‘baolis’ may fairly be reckoned as the fruit of the public spirit of individuals.  This chapter is a reprint of a paper entitled ’On the Public Spirit of the Hindoos’. See Bibliography, ante, No. 10.

8.  The C.P.  Gazetteer (1870) states that in 1868-9 the land-revenue was R5,70,434, as compared with R500,000 in the author’s time.  It has since been largely enhanced.  The lessees (zamindars) have now become proprietors, and the land-revenue, according to the rule in force for many years past, should not exceed half the estimated profit rental.  The early settlements were made in accordance with the theory of native Governments that the land is the property of the State, and that the lessees are entitled only to subsistence, with a small percentage as payment for the trouble of collection from the actual cultivators.  The author’s estimate gives the zamindars only 15/80ths, or 3/16ths of the profit rental.

9.  The people of the Jubbulpore district must have been very different from those of the rest of India if they planted their groves solely for the public benefit.  The editor has never known the fruit, not to mention the timber and firewood, of a grove to be available for the use of the general public.  Universal custom allows all comers to use the shade of any established grove, but the fruit is always jealousy guarded and gathered by the owners.  Even one tree is often the property of many sharing, and disputes about the division of mangoes and other fruits are extremely frequent.  The framing of a correct record of rights in trees is one of the most embarrassing tasks of a revenue officer.

10.  Under the modern System it often happens that the land belongs to one party, and the trees to another.  Disputes, of course, occur, but, as a rule, the rights of the owner of the trees are not interfered with by the owner of the land.  In thousands of such cases both parties exercise their rights without friction.

11.  This sentence shows clearly how remote from the author’s mind was the idea of private property in land in India.  Government has long since parted with the power of giving grants such as the author recommends.  The upper Doab districts of Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, and Saharanpur now have plenty of groves.