8.  These remarks attribute too much System to the disorderly working of an Asiatic despotism.  No institution resembling the formal ’ban of the empire’ ever really existed in India.

9.  The Rajas at Simla might now be considered by some people as an encumbrance.

10.  The author could not foresee the gallant service to be rendered by the Chiefs of the Panjab and other territories in the Mutiny, nor the institution of the Imperial Service Troops.  Those troops, first organized in 1888, in response to the voluntary offers made by many princes as a reply to the Russian aggression on Panjdeh, are select bodies, picked from the soldiery of certain native states, and equipped and drilled in the European manner.  Cashmere (Kashmir) and many States in the Panjab and elsewhere furnish troops of this kind, officered by local gentlemen, under the guidance of English inspecting officers.  The Kashmir Imperial Service Troops did excellent service during the campaign of 1892 in Hunza and Nagar. the System so happily introduced is likely to be much further developed.  In 1907 the authorized strength was a little over 18,000 (I.G., iv (1907), pp. 87, 373).

11.  ’In Rome, as in Egypt and India, many of the great works which, in modern nations, form the basis of gradations of rank in society, were executed by Government out of public revenue, or by individuals gratuitously for the benefit of the public; for instance, roads, canals, aqueducts, bridges, &c., from which no one derived an income, though all derived benefit.  There was no capital invested, with a view to profit, in machinery, railroads, canals, steam-engines, and other great works which, in the preparation and distribution of man’s enjoyments, save the labour of so many millions to the nations of modern Europe and America, and supply the incomes of many of the most useful and most enlightened members of their middle and higher classes of society.  During the republic, and under the first emperors, the laws were simple, and few derived any considerable income from explaining them.  Still fewer derived their incomes from expounding the religion of the people till the establishment of Christianity.

Man was the principal machine in which property was invested with a view to profit, and the concentration of capital in hordes of slaves, and the farm of the public revenues of conquered provinces and tributary states, were, with the land, the great basis of the aristocracies of Rome, and the Roman world generally.  The senatorial and equestrian orders were supported chiefly by lending out their slaves as gladiators and artificers, and by farming the revenues, and lending money to the oppressed subjects of the provinces, and to vanquished princes, at an exorbitant interest, to enable them to pay what the state or its public officers demanded.  The slaves throughout the Roman empire were about equal in number to the free population, and they were for the most part concentrated