18.  Ibrahim Lodi, A.D. 1517-26.  He was defeated and killed by Babur at the first battle of Panipat, A.D. 1526. the correct date of his capture of Gwalior, according to Cunningham (A.S.R., vol. ii, p. 340), is 1518.

19.  Humayun was son of Babur, and father of Akbar the Great.  His first reign lasted from A.D. 1530 to 1540; his second brief reign of less than six months was terminated by an accident in January A.D. 1556.  The correct date of the surrender of Gwalior to Sher Shah was A.D. 1542, corresponding to A.H. 949 (A.  S .R., vol. ii, p. 393), which year began 17th April, 1542.

20.  Sher Khan is generally known as Sher (or Shir) Shah.  A good summary of his career from A.D. 1528 to his death in A.D. 1545 (A.H. 934 to 952) is given by Thomas (op. cit. p. 393).  He struck coins at Gwalior in A.H. 950, 951, 952 (ibid. p. 403).

21.  Gohad lies between Etawah (Itawa) and Gwalior, twenty-eight miles north-east of the latter.  The chief, originally an obscure Jat landholder, rose to power during the confusion of the eighteenth century, and allied himself with the British in 1789 (Thornton, Gazetteer, s.v.  ’Gohad’).

22.  This memorable exploit was performed during Warren Hastings’s war with the Marathas, Sir Eyre Coote being Commander-in-Chief.  Captain Popham first stormed the fort of Lahar, a stronghold west of Kalpi (Calpee), and then, by a cleverly arranged escalade, captured ’with little trouble and small loss’ the Gwalior fortress, which was garrisoned by a thousand men, and commonly supposed to be impregnable.  ’Captain Popham was rewarded for his gallant services by being promoted to the rank of Major’ (Thornton, The History of the British Empire in India, 2nd ed., 1859, p. 149).  ’It is said that the spot (for escalade) was pointed out to Popham by a cowherd, and that the whole of the attacking party were supplied with grass shoes to prevent them from slipping on the ledges of rock.  There is a story also that the cost of these grass shoes was deducted from Popham’s pay when he was about to leave India as a Major-General, nearly a quarter of a century afterwards’ (A.S.R., vol. ii, p. 340).

23.  James Bruce, ‘the celebrated traveller’, was Consul at Algiers.  He explored Tripoli, Tunis, Syria, and Egypt, and travelled in Abyssinia from November 1769 to December 1771.  He returned to Egypt by the Nile, arriving at Cairo in January 1773.  His travels were published in 1790.  He died in 1794.

24.  The Sindhia family of Gwalior was founded by Ranoji Sindhia, a man of humble origin, in the service of the Peshwa.  Ranoji died about A.D. 1750, and was succeeded by one of his natural sons, Mahadaji (corruptly Mahdaju, &c.) Sindhia, whose turbulent and chequered career lasted till 1794, when he was succeeded by his grand-nephew, Daulat Rao.  The Maratha power under Daulat Rao was broken in 1803, by Sir Arthur Wellesley at Assaye and Argaum, and by Lord Lake at Laswari.  Mahadaji’s career is treated fully by Grant Duff, A History of the Mahrattas (1826 and reprint).  Mr. H. G. Keene in his little book (Rulers of India, Oxford, 1892) erroneously gives the chiefs name as ‘Madhava Rao’.  The anthor’s ‘Madhoji’ also is wrong.