the author sums up as the “ideology of caste.”  Want of space forbids the publication of the entire article.  We give its most significant parts with such summary of those portions which it was necessary to omit as, we trust, will enable our readers to follow the general argument.

Humanitarians the most deeply buried in dreams yield with stupefaction to the evidence of fact.  European war was possible, since here it is, and even a world war, for all continents are represented in the melee.  Millions of men on the one side or the other are ranged along battle fronts of from 500 to 1,000 kilometers.  We are witnessing a displacement of human masses to which there is nothing comparable except the formidable convulsions of geologic ages.

The world then was in formation.  Will a new Europe, a new society, a new humanity, take form from the prodigious shock by which our imagination is confounded?

We can at least seek to understand what we cannot hinder.

This war was not a matter of blind fate, but had been foreseen for a long time.  What are the forces that have set the nations in movement?  I do not seek to establish responsibility.  Whosoever it may be, those who have let loose the conflict have behind them peoples of one mind.  That, perhaps, is the most surprising feature in an epoch when economic, social, and moral interests are so interwoven from one end of the earth to the other that the conqueror himself must suffer cruelly from the ruin of the conquered.

The Governments have determined the day and the hour.  They could not have done it in opposition to the manifest will of the nations.  Public sentiment has seconded them.  What is it then which rouses man from his repose, impels him to desert his gains, his home, the security of a regular life, and sends him in eager search for bloody adventures?

This problem involves different solutions because it embraces a number of cases.  Between the Russians, the French, the English, the Germans there is a similarity of will, but not, it seems, an analogy of sentiment.  I shall undertake to analyze the case of Germany.  It has peculiar interest on account of its importance, of its definiteness, of the comparisons to which it leads, and the reflections which it suggests.  Numerous facts easy to verify and in part recent permit us to throw some light upon it and offer us a guarantee against hazardous conjectures.

Defining a caste as “a group of men bound to each other by solidarity of functions in society,” such as the Brahmins of India and the feudal nobility, Prof.  Millioud says that he will use the terms as equivalent or nearly equivalent to a “directing class.”  Quoting the article from Vorwaerts which led to the suspension of that Socialist organ and which “admits by implication that responsibility for the war falls on Germany,” he proceeds to examine the origins of the influence of the war party and the interests it served.