quality of the food they take, one earns great merit.  By making gifts unto such Brahmanas as beg on behalf of others that are observant of penances and devoted to them and as are satisfied with even small gifts, one earns great merit.  Thou hast now, O bull of Bharata’s race, heard what the declarations are of the scriptures in respect of the acquisition of great merit by the making of gifts.  Listen now to me as I expound what those acts are that lead to hell or heaven.  They, O Yudhishthira, that speak an untruth on occasions other than those when such untruth is needed for serving the purpose of the preceptor or for giving the assurance of safety to a person in fear of his life, sink into hell[228].  They who ravish other people’s spouses, or have sexual congress with them, or assist at such acts of delinquency, sink in hell.  They who rob others of their wealth or destroy the wealth and possessions of other people, or proclaim the faults of other people, sink in hell.  They who destroy the containers of such pieces of water as are used by cattle for quenching thirst, as injure such buildings as are used for purposes of public meetings, as break down bridges and causeways, and as pull down houses used for purposes of habitation, have to sink to hell.  They who beguile and cheat helpless women, or girls, or aged dames, or such women as have been frightened, have to sink to hell.  They who destroy the means of other people’s living, they who exterminate the habitations of other people, they who rob others of their spouses, they who sow dissensions among friends, and they who destroy the hopes of other people, sink into hell.  They who proclaim the faults of others, they who break down bridges or causeways, they who live by following vocations laid down for other people, and they who are ungrateful to friends for services received, have to sink in hell.  They who have no faith in the Vedas and show no reverence for them, they who break the vows made by themselves or oblige others to break them, and they who fall away from their status through sin, sink in hell.  They who betake themselves to improper conduct, they who take exorbitant rates of interest, and they who make unduly large profits on sales, have to sink in hell.  They who are given to gambling, they who indulge in wicked acts without any scruple, and they who are given to slaughter of living creatures, have to sink in hell.  They who cause the dismissal by masters of servants that are hoping for rewards or are expectant of definite need or are in the enjoyment of wages or salaries or are waiting for returns in respect of valuable services already rendered, have to sink in hell.  They who themselves eat without offering portions thereof unto their spouse or their sacred fires or their servants or their guests, and they who abstain from performing the rites laid down in the scriptures for honouring the Pitris and deities, have to sink in hell.  They who sell the Vedas, they who find fault with the Vedas, and they who reduce