the fruits that have been indicated for such men?  What is that region to which they go after death?  It behoveth thee also, O sinless one, to tell me all the rules that have been laid down in respect of such silent recitation?  When the word Reciter is uttered, what shall I understand by it?  Is such a man to be regarded as following the ordinances of Sankhya or yoga or work?[621] Or, is such a man to be regarded as observing the ordinances about (mental) sacrifices?  How is the path of the Reciters to be called?  Thou art, as I think, of universal knowledge.  Tell me all this.’

“Bhishma said, ’In this connection is cited the old history of what transpired between Yama, Time, and a certain Brahmana.  Sages conversant with the means of attaining to Emancipation have spoken of two methods, viz., the Sankhya and the yoga.  Amongst these, in the former, which is otherwise called the Vedanta, Renunciation has been preached with respect to silent recitation.  The declarations of the Vedas preach Abstention (from rites), are fraught with tranquillity, and are concerned with Brahma.[622] Indeed, the two paths spoken of by sages bent on achieving what is for their good, viz., Sankhya and yoga, are such that they are both concerned and again unconcerned (with silent recitations).[623] The manner in which silent recitation is connected (with each of the two paths) and the cause I shall now explain.  In both as in the case of silent recitation, are needed the subduing of the senses and the fixing of the mind (after withdrawal from external objects); as also truth keeping up of the (sacred) fire, residence in solitude, meditation, penance, self-restraint, forgiveness, benevolence, abstemiousness in respect of food, withdrawal from worldly attachments, the absence of talkativeness, and tranquillity.  These constitute a sacrifice in acts (leading to the fruition of desire about heaven or felicity in next life).[624] Listen now to the course that consists of abstention (from acts).  The manner in which the acts of the Reciter observing the vow of Brahmacharya may cease, I will presently declare.  Such a person should conduct himself in every way according to what has been (already) said by me.[625] Betaking himself to the path of abstention, he should seek to extinguish his dependence on both the External and the Internal.  Sitting on kusa grass, with kusa in hand, and binding his coronal locks with kusa, he should surround himself with kusa and have kusa for robes.  Bowing unto all earthly concerns, he should take leave of them and never think of them.  Assuming equability by the aid of his mind, he should fix his mind on the mind itself.  Reciting the highly beneficial composition (viz., the Gayatri), he meditates with the aid of his intellect on Brahma alone.  Afterwards he leaves off even that, being then absorbed in concentrated contemplation.[626] In consequence of his dependence on the strength of the Gayatri which he recites, this concentrated contemplation