act’ed    failed   quar’reled   ex pand’ed
land’ed   rained   bar’reled    mer’it ed
rest’ed   coaxed   trav’eled    vis’it ed

Y is sometimes changed into i; as cry, cried.

cried   dried   mar’ried   glo’ried
tried   fried   tar’ried   sto’ried
shied   spied   car’ried   wor’ried

Lesson 144.

Ar, er, and or signify one who does, or that which does; as, baker, one who bakes.  If the word ends in e, r only is added.  After a consonant y is generally changed into i.  Another letter is sometimes united to the affix; as law, law’yer.  The final consonants are doubled, as in Lesson 142.

beg’gar     bank’er    bak’er      cre a’tor
dig’ger     plant’er   pa’cer      cru sad’er
dip’per     build’er   pav’er      dic ta’tor
clip’per    giv’er     stran’ger   en grav’er
trot’ter    1aw’yer    writ’er     sur viv’or
los’er      saw’yer    boast’er    be liev’er
woo’er      read’er    mourn’er    ad vis’er
vouch’er    rid’er     own’er      as sign’er
wres’tler   dy’er      rul’er      in vei’gler

Lesson 145.

Words formed by the Affixes er or or.

be gin’ner    la’bor er      nav’i ga tor
in dors’er    rea’son er     ded’i ca tor
de sert’er    li’bel er      cal’cu la tor
dis turb’er   wag’on er      spec’u la tor
u surp’er     con’quer or    pros’e cu tor
con duct’or   for’eign er    cul’ti va tor
tor ment’or   cus’tom er     mul’ti pli er
en chant’er   mur’der er     nu’mer a tor
sup port’er   gov’ern or     gen’er a tor
ag gress’or   pen’sion er    ra’di a tor

Lesson 146.

In adjectives, er is generally added to form the comparative, and est to form the superlative; as, rich, richer, richest.

strict’er   fierc’est   wealth’i er   wor’thi est
broad’er    slow’est    greed’i er    read’i est
bright’er   gaunt’est   drear’i er    haugh’ti est

Ly is an abbreviation of like; as manly for man-like, or like a man.  Ly is still further shortened into y; as, rock, rocky.

bright’ly  eas’y     heav’i ly    thor’oug ly
gay’ly     earth’y   heart’i ly   might’i ly
no’bly     speed’y   read’i ly    has’ti ly
wind’y     spon’gy   tar’di ly    stead’i ly

Lesson 147.

Ness is from the Saxon nesse, and means state or quality; as, neatness, state of being neat.

bleak’ness    smooth’ness   come’li ness
fierce’ness   numb’ness     drow’si ness
hoarse’ness   wrong’ness    naught’i ness
calm’ness     sweet’ness    wea’ri ness

The termination full adds its own meaning to the word; as, joyful, full of joy.  The final l is omitted in the derivatives.

change’ful   mourn’ful   skill’ful   fan’ci ful
fright’ful   woe’ful     will’ful    pit’i ful
spite’ful    wrath’ful   aw’ful      du’ti ful

Lesson 148.

The termination less gives a negative meaning to the derivative; as graceless, without grace.

brain’less   sight’less   friend’less   worth’less
cease’less   soul’less    head’less     house’less
guile’less   friut’less   guilt’less    noise’less

The affix age signifies the pay for, a state of being, or composed of; as cartage, the pay for carting.