and English of the Pale, with English citizens of the seaports and Cromwellian settlers, which constitutes Celtic Ireland, so-called, is less Celtic both in speech and in blood than either Wales or the Highlands.  Religion alone has maintained a difference between a predominantly Celtic and a predominantly Teutonic Ireland which would otherwise have disappeared far more completely than the difference between Celtic and Teutonic Scotland.  Economically, the connection between Ireland and Great Britain, always close, has become such that to-day Ireland subsists almost wholly upon the English market.  In these respects, at least, there is no resemblance between the conditions of Ireland and that of any of the Colonies.

On the other hand, politically, Ireland was for centuries treated as a colony—­“the first and nearest of the Colonies,” as Mr. Childers puts it.  The difficulties and defects of early Colonial government were intensified by the great conflict of the Reformation, which made Ireland a centre of foreign intrigue, and by the long religious and constitutional struggle of the seventeenth century, which fell with terrible severity upon a population which had throughout espoused the losing cause.  Cromwell; realising that “if there is to be a prosperous, strong and United Kingdom there must be one Parliament and one Parliament only,” freed Ireland from the Colonial status.  Unfortunately, his policy was reversed in 1660, and for over a century Ireland endured the position of “least favoured Colony”—­least favoured, partly because, with the possible exception of linen, all her industries were competitive with, and not complementary to English industries, and so were deliberately crushed in accordance with the common economic policy of the time, partly because the memories of past struggles kept England suspicious and jealous of Irish prosperity.  Every evil under which the old colonial system laboured in Canada before the rebellion was intensified in Ireland by the religious and racial feud between the mass of the people and the ascendant caste.  The same solvent of free government that Durham recommended was needed by Ireland.  In view of the geographical and economic position of Ireland, and in the political circumstances of the time, it could only be applied through union with Great Britain.  Union had been vainly prayed for by the Irish Parliament at the time of the Scottish Union.  Most thoughtful students, not least among them Adam Smith,[56] had seen in it the only cure for the evils which afflicted the hapless island.

Meanwhile, in 1782, the dominant caste utilised the Ulster volunteer movement to wrest from Great Britain, then in the last throes of the war against France, Spain, and America, the independence of the Irish Parliament.  Theoretically co-equal with the British Parliament, Grattan’s Parliament was, in practice, kept by bribery in a position differing very little from that of Canada before the rebellion.  Still