In these long-continued and bitter struggles we see the excuse, if not the justification, for the severe penal laws which were introduced in order to curb the power of the Irish chieftains.  We see also the beginning of the feud between Ulster and the other provinces in Ireland, which has continued in a modified form to the present day.  Strafford found that, in order to bolster up the despotism of the Stuarts, he had not only to invade England, but to expel the Scottish settlers from the Northern province.  The Irish Parliament in the time of Tyrconnel again began to prepare for the invasion of England by an attempt to destroy the Ulster plantation.  The settlers had their estates confiscated, the Protestant clergy were driven out and English sympathisers outlawed by name, in the “hugest Bill of Attainder which the world has seen.”

Admiral Lord Charles Beresford points out the danger from a naval point of view of the French attempts to use Ireland as a base for operations against England, both under Louis XIV. and under the Republican Directory.  He quotes Admiral Mahan as saying that the movement which designed to cut the English communications in St. George’s Channel while an invading party landed in the south of Ireland was a strictly strategic movement and would be as dangerous to England now as it was in 1690.  When Grattan extorted from England’s weakness the unworkable and impracticable constitution of 1782, the danger which had always been present became immensely increased.  In less than three years from the period of boasted final adjustment, Ireland came to a breach with England on the important question of trade and navigation.  Then, again, at the time of the Regency, the Irish Parliament was actually ready to choose a person in whom to rest the sovereign executive power of the nation, different from him whom the British Parliament were prepared to designate.

In 1795, when the French had made themselves masters of Brabant, Flanders, and Holland, the rebel government of United Irishmen was so well-established in Ireland that, as Lord Clare, the Irish Chancellor, subsequently admitted in the House of Lords, Ireland was for some weeks in a state of actual separation from Great Britain.  When the great Rebellion of 1798 broke out, the French Directory sent assistance to the Irish rebels in order to facilitate the greater scheme—­the conquest of England and of Europe.  When we come to estimate the danger which the grant of Home Rule to Ireland would bring to the safety of England, we are faced with two considerations.  In the first place, the movements of the French in the past were, as we have said, strategic.  Given an Irish Parliament that was hostile to England, or at least dubious in her loyalty to this country, the movement of a hostile fleet against our communications would be as dangerous now as it was in the past.