old servants, and his anxiety for the welfare and good order of his state.  At a time when the Pope and the King of Naples were making money by monopolies of corn, the Duke of Urbino filled his granaries from Apulia, and sold bread during a year of scarcity at a cheap rate to his poor subjects.  Nor would he allow his officers to prosecute the indigent for debts incurred by such purchases.  He used to say:  ’I am not a merchant; it is enough to have saved my people from hunger.’  We must remember that this excellent prince had a direct interest in maintaining the prosperity and good-will of his duchy.  His profession was warfare, and the district of Urbino supplied him with his best troops.  Yet this should not diminish the respect due to the foresight and benevolence of a Condottiere who knew how to carry on his calling with humanity and generosity.  Federigo wore the Order of the Garter, which Henry VII. conferred on him, the Neapolitan Order of the Ermine, and the Papal decorations of the Rose, the Hat, the Sword.  He served three pontiffs, two kings of Naples, and two dukes of Milan.  The Republic of Florence and more than one Italian League appointed him their general in the field.  If his military career was less brilliant than that of the two Sforzas, Piccinino, or Carmagnuola, he avoided the crimes to which ambition led some of these men and the rocks on which they struck.  At his death he transmitted a flourishing duchy, a cultivated court, a renowned name, and the leadership of the Italian League to his son Guidobaldo.

    [1] Prendilacqua, the biographer of Vittorino, says that he died so
    poor that his funeral expenses had to be defrayed.

[2] Pius II. in his Commentaries gives an interesting account of the conversations concerning the tactics of the ancients which he held with Frederick, in 1461, in the neighborhood of Tivoli.

[3] The preface to the original edition of the ‘Cornucopia’ is worth reading for the lively impression which it conveys of Federigo’s personality:  ’Admirabitur in te divinam illam corporis proceritatem, membrorum robur eximium, venerandam oris dignitatem, aetatis maturam gravitatem, divinam quandam majestatem cum humanitate conjunctam, totum praeterea talem qualem esse oportebat eum principem quem nuper pontifex maximus et universus senatus omnium rerum suarum et totius ecclesiastici imperii ducem moderatoremque constituit.’

The young Duke, whose court, described by Castiglione, may be said to have set the model of good breeding to all Europe, began life under the happiest auspices.  From his tutor Odasio of Padua we hear that even in boyhood he cared only for study and for manly sports.  His memory was so retentive that he could repeat whole treatises by heart after the lapse of ten or fifteen years, nor did he ever forget what he had resolved to retain.  In the Latin and Greek languages he became an accomplished scholar,[1] and while he appreciated