[1] See Vespasiano, Vite di Uomini Illustri, pp. 185-92. 
    Graziani, Archivio Storico, vol. xvi. part i. pp. 313, 314.

The same city was the scene of many similar displays.  During the fifteenth century it remained in a state of the most miserable internal discord, owing to the feuds of its noble families.  Graziani gives an account of the preaching there of Fra Jacopo della Marca, in 1445:  on this occasion a temporary truce was patched up between old enemies, a witch was burned for the edification of the burghers, the people were reproved for their extravagance in dress, and two peacemakers (pacieri) were appointed for each gate.  On March 22, after undergoing this discipline, the whole of Perugia seemed to have repented of its sins; but the first entry for April 15 is the murder of one of the Ranieri family by another of the same house.  So transitory were the effects of such revivals.[1] Another entry in Graziani’s Chronicle deserves to be noticed.  He describes how, in 1448, Fra Roberto da Lecce (like S. Bernardino and Fra Jacopo della Marca, a Franciscan of the Order of Observance) came to preach in January.  He was only twenty-two years of age; but his fame was so great that he drew about 15,000 persons into the piazza to listen to him.  The stone pulpit, we may say in passing, is still shown, from which these sermons were delivered.  It is built into the wall of the Cathedral, and commands the whole square.  Roberto da Lecce began by exhibiting a crucifix, which moved the audience to tears; ’and the weeping and crying, Jesu misericordia! lasted about half an hour.  Then he made four citizens be chosen for each gate as peacemakers.’  What follows in Graziani is an account of a theatrical show, exhibited upon the steps of the Cathedral.  On Good Friday the friar assembled all the citizens, and preached; and when the moment came for the elevation of the crucifix, ’there issued forth from San Lorenzo Eliseo di Christoforo, a barber of the quarter of Sant Angelo, like a naked Christ with the cross on his shoulder, and the crown of thorns upon his head, and his flesh seemed to be bruised as when Christ was scourged.’  The people were immensely moved by this sight.  They groaned and cried out, ’Misericordia!’ and many monks were made upon the spot.  At last, on April 7, Fra Roberto took his leave of the Perugians, crying as he went, ’La pace sia con voi!’[2] We have a glimpse of the same Fra Roberto da Lecce at Rome, in the year 1482.  The feuds of the noble families della Croce and della Valle were then raging in the streets of Rome.  On the night of April 3 they fought a pitched battle in the neighborhood of the Pantheon, the factions of Orsini and Colonna joining in the fray.  Many of the combatants were left dead before the palaces of the Vallensi; the numbers of the wounded were variously estimated; and all Rome seemed to be upon the verge of civil war.  Roberto da Lecce, who was drawing large congregations,