Henceforth he devoted himself with sustained energy to building up the fortunes of Cesare, whom he released from all ecclesiastical obligations, and to whose service he seemed bound by some mysterious power.  Nor did he even resent the savageness and cruelty which this young hell-cat vented in his presence on the persons of his favorites.  At one time Cesare stabbed Perotto, the Pope’s minion, with his own hand, when the youth had taken refuge in Alexander’s arms:  the blood spirted out upon the priestly mantle, and the young man died there.[1] At another time he employed the same diabolical temper for the delectation of his father.  He turned out some prisoners sentenced to death in a court-yard of the palace, arrayed himself in fantastic clothes, and amused the papal party by shooting the unlucky criminals.  They ran round and round the court crouching and doubling to avoid his arrows.  He showed his skill by hitting each where he thought fit.  The Pope and Lucrezia looked on applaudingly.  Other scenes, not of bloodshed, but of groveling sensuality, devised for the entertainment of his father and his sister, though described by the dry pen of Burchard, can scarcely be transferred to these pages.

    [1] The account is given by Capello, the Venetian envoy.

The history of Cesare’s attempt to found a principality belongs properly to another chapter.[1] But the assistance rendered by his father is essential to the biography of Alexander.  The vision of an Italian sovereignty which Charles of Anjou, Gian Galeazzo Visconti, and Galeazzo Maria Sforza had successively entertained, now fascinated the imagination of the Borgias.  Having resolved to make Cesare a prince, Alexander allied himself with Louis XII. of France, promising to annul his first marriage and to sanction his nuptials with Ann of Brittany, if he would undertake the advancement of his son.  This bribe induced Louis to create Cesare Duke of Valence and to confer on him the hand of Charlotte of Navarre.  He also entered Italy and with his arms enabled Cesare to subdue Romagna.  The system adopted by Alexander and his son in their conquests was a simple one.  They took the capitals and murdered the princes.  Thus Cesare strangled the Varani at Camerino in 1502, and the Vitelli and Orsini at Sinigaglia in the same year:  by his means the Marcscotti had been massacred wholesale in Bologna; Pesaro, Rimini, and Forli had been treated in like manner; and after the capture of Faenpza in 1501, the two young Manfredi had been sent to Rome; where they were exposed to the worst insults, drowned or strangled.[2] A system of equal simplicity kept their policy alive in foreign Courts.  The Bishop of Cette in France was poisoned for hinting at a secret of Cesare’s (1498); the Cardinal d’Amboise was bribed to maintain the credit of the Borgias with Louis XII.; the offer of a red hat to Briconnet saved Alexander from a general council in 1494.  The historical interest of Alexander’s method consists