[1] Her dowry was 300,000 ducats, besides wedding presents, and
    certain important immunities and privileges granted to Ferrara
    by the Pope.

History has at last done justice to the memory of this woman, whose long yellow hair was so beautiful, and whose character was so colorless.  The legend which made her a poison-brewing Maenad has been proved a lie—­but only at the expense of the whole society in which she lived.  The simple northern folk, familiar with the tales of Chriemhild, Brynhild, and Gudrun, who helped to forge this legend, could not understand that a woman should be irresponsible for all the crimes and scandals perpetrated in her name.  Yet it seems now clear enough that not hers, but her father’s and her brother’s, were the atrocities which made her married life in Rome a byword.  She sat and smiled through all the tempests which tossed her to and fro, until she found at last a fair port in the Duchy of Ferrara.  Nursed in the corruption of Papal Rome, which Lorenzo de’ Medici described to his son Giovanni as ’a sink of all the vices,’ consorting habitually with her father’s concubines, and conscious that her own mother had been married for show to two successive husbands, it is not possible that Lucrezia ruled her conduct at any time with propriety.  It is even probable that the darkest tales about her are true.  The Lord of Pesaro, we must remember, told his kinsman, the Duke of Milan, that the assigned reasons for his divorce were false, and that the fact was what can scarcely be recorded.[1] Still, there is no ground for supposing that, in the matter of her first husband’s divorce and the second’s murder, she was more than a passive agent in the hands of Alexander and Cesare.  The pleasure-loving, careless woman of the Renaissance is very different from the Medea of Victor Hugo’s romance; and what remains most revolting to the modern conscience in her conduct is complacent acquiescence in scenes of debauchery devised for her amusement.[2] Instead of viewing her with dread as a potent and malignant witch, we have to regard her with contempt as a feeble woman, soiled with sensual foulness from the cradle.  It is also due to truth to remember that at Ferrara she won the esteem of a husband who had married her unwillingly, attached the whole state to her by her sweetness of temper, and received the panegyrics of the two Strozzi, Bembo, Ariosto, Aldo Manuzio, and many other men of note.  Foreigners who saw her surrounded by her brilliant Court exclaimed, like the French biographer of Bayard:  ’J’ose bien dire que, de son temps, ni beau coup avant, il ne s’est point trouve de plus triomphante princesse; car elle etait belle, bonne douce, et courtoise a toutes gens.’