to uphold the keystone of Taney’s argument, that slaves were regarded as property by the Constitution.  On the contrary, it was agreed everywhere by those whose opinions were looked to with respect, that slaves were regarded by the Constitution as “persons held to service or labor” under the laws of the State alone; and that the laws of the State could not give such persons a fictitious legal character outside of the State’s jurisdiction.  Even the Douglas Democrats, who expressed a willingness to yield to the Supreme Court’s decision, did not profess to uphold Taney’s share in it.

As the Presidential election of 1860 drew near, the evidences of separation became more manifest.  The absorption of northern Democrats into the Republican party increased until Douglas, in 1858, narrowly escaped defeat in his contest with Lincoln for a re-election to the Senate from Illinois.  In 1860 the Republicans nominated Lincoln for the Presidency on a platform demanding prohibition of slavery in the Territories.  The southern delegates seceded from the Democratic convention, and nominated Breckenridge, on a platform demanding congressional protection of slavery in the Territories.  The remainder of the Democratic convention nominated Douglas, with a declaration of its willingness to submit to the decision of the Supreme Court on questions of constitutional law.  The remnants of the former Whig and American parties, under the name of the Constitutional Union party, nominated Bell without any declaration of principles.  Lincoln received a majority of the electoral votes, and became President.  His popular vote was a plurality.

Seward’s address on the “Irrepressible Conflict,” which closes this volume, is representative of the division between the two sections, as it stood just before the actual shock of conflict.  Labor systems are delicate things; and that which the South had adopted, of enslaving the laboring class, was one whose influence could not help being universal and aggressive.  Every form of energy and prosperity which tended to advance a citizen into the class of representative rulers tended also to make him a slave owner, and to shackle his official policy and purposes with considerations inseparable from his heavy personal interests.  Men might divide on other questions at the South; but on this question of slavery the action of the individual had to follow the decisions of a majority which, by the influence of ambitious aspirants for the lead, was continually becoming more aggressive.  In constitutional countries, defections to the minority are a steady check upon an aggressive majority; but the southern majority was a steam engine without a safety valve.

In this sense Seward and Lincoln, in 1858, were correct; the labor system of the South was not only a menace to the whole country, but one which could neither decrease nor stand still.  It was intolerable by the laws of its being; and it could be got rid of only by allowing a peaceable secession, or by abolishing it through war.  The material prosperity which has followed the adoption of the latter alternative, apart from the moral aspects of the case, is enough to show that the South has gained more than all that slavery lost.