The severity with which Dessalines enforced the laws soon began to turn many against him.  The educated mulattoes especially objected to submission to the savage African mores.  Dessalines started to suppress their revolt, but was killed in ambush in October, 1806.

Great Britain now began to intrigue for a protectorate over the island and the Spanish end of the island threatened attack.  These difficulties were overcome, but at a cost of great internal strain.  After the death of Dessalines it seemed that Hayti was about to dissolve into a number of petty subdivisions.  At one time Christophe was ruling as king in the north, Petion as president at Port au Prince, Rigaud in the south, and a semi-brigand, Goman, in the extreme southwest.  Very soon, however, the rivalry narrowed down to Petion and Christophe.  Petion was a man of considerable ability and did much, not simply for Hayti, but for South America.  Already as early as 1779, before the revolution in Hayti, the Haytian Negroes had helped the United States.  The British had captured Savannah in 1778.  The French fleet appeared on the coast of Georgia late that year and was ordered to recruit men in Hayti.  Eight hundred young freedmen, blacks and mulattoes, offered to take part in the expedition, and they fought valiantly in the siege and covered themselves with glory.  It was this legion that made the charge on the British and saved the retreating American army.  Among the men who fought there was Christophe.

When Simon Bolivar, Commodore Aury, and many Venezuelan families were driven from their country in 1815, they and their ships took temporary refuge in Hayti.  Notwithstanding the embarrassed condition of the republic, Petion received them and gave them four thousand rifles with ammunition, provisions, and last and best a printing press.  He also settled some international quarrels among members of the groups, and Bolivar expressed himself afterward as being “overwhelmed with magnanimous favors."[87]

Petion died in 1818 and was succeeded by his friend Boyer.  Christophe committed suicide the following year and Boyer became not simply ruler of western Hayti, but also, by arrangement with the eastern end of the island, gained the mastery there, where they were afraid of Spanish aggression.  Thus from 1822 to 1843 Boyer, a man of much ability, ruled the whole of the island and gained the recognition of Haytian independence from France and other nations.

France, under Charles X, demanded an indemnity of thirty million dollars to reimburse the planters for confiscated lands and property.  This Hayti tried to pay, but the annual installment was a tremendous burden to the impoverished country.  Further negotiations were entered into.  Finally in 1838 France recognized the independence of the republic and the indemnity was reduced to twelve million dollars.  Even this was a large burden for Hayti, and the payment of it for years crippled the island.