683.  For twelve months the papacy is vacant after the death of Leo II.

684.  Constantine sends to Rome locks of the hair of his two sons, in token of their adoption by the Church.

Egfrid sends Beort with an army into Ireland and lays waste the country.

685.  Justinian II becomes emperor of the East on the death of Constantine IV.

The Picts defeat the Angles of Northumbria under King Ecgfrith, at Nactansmere.

687.  Battle of Testri; the victory of Pepin of Heristal gives him the sway over the whole Frankish empire.

688.  Caedwalla resigns the crown of Wessex to Ina and goes to Rome; he dies there one year later.

690.  On the death of Theodore, Berthwald becomes the first archbishop of Canterbury.

Two Anglo-Saxon bishops, Kilian and Wilbrord, preach in Germany.  Pepin allows Clovis III to succeed Thierry III as nominal ruler of Neustria.

691.  Council of Constantinople, called “Quinisextum in Trullo”; not acknowledged by the Western Church.

692.  The Mahometans defeat the army collected by Justinian at Sebastopolis.

Armenia is conquered by the Mahometans.

694.  Justinian’s two ministers provoke his subjects by their oppressions; Leontius imprisoned.

695.  Leontius, released from prison, is proclaimed emperor of the East; Justinian, with his nose cut off, is banished.

696.  Pepin favors the preaching of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries among the Franks and Frisians; he appoints Wilbrord, under the name of Clemens, bishop of Utrecht.

697.  Election of the first doge, with a council of tribunes and judges, in Venice.  See “EVOLUTION OF THE DOGESHIP IN VENICE,” iv, 292.

698.  Hasan, at the head of the Saracens, storms and destroys Carthage.

699.  At Mount Atlas the Berbers, or wild shepherds, successfully resist the advance of the Mahometans.

705.  An army of Bulgarians, under Terbelis, restores Justinian to his throne; he inflicts bloody vengeance for his expulsion.

Accession of Caliph Welid.

706.  Pope John VII refuses to accept, or even revise, the acts of the Council of Constantinople, A.D. 691, which Justinian requires him to adopt.

707.  The Mahometans, under Musa, overcome the Berbers and are masters of all Northern Africa; they establish themselves in the valley of the Indus and conquer Karisme, Bokhara, and Samarkand, whence they introduce the manufacture of paper.

708.  Justinian, unmindful of his obligations to Terbelis, attacks the Bulgarians, but is defeated.

709.  Roderic ascends the Gothic throne in Spain.

Theodorus, by order of the Emperor Justinian, plunders Ravenna and sends the principal inhabitants to Constantinople, where they are cruelly murdered.

711.  Tarik, with a large force of Arab-Moors, lands in Spain.  See “SARACENS IN SPAIN,” iv, 301.