When the enemy were retreated toward Mecca, Mahomet went to the field of battle to look for the body of Hamza.  Finding it shamefully mangled, in the manner already related, he ordered it to be wrapped in a black cloak, and then prayed over it, repeating seven times, “Allah acbar,” etc. ("God is great,” etc.).  In the same manner he prayed over every one of the martyrs, naming Hamza again with every one of them; so that Hamza had the prayers said over him seventy-two times.  But, as if this were not enough, he declared that Gabriel had told him he had been received into the seventh heaven, and welcomed with this eulogium, “Hamza, the lion of God, and the lion of his prophet.”

The Mussulmans were much chagrined at this defeat.  Some expressed a doubt of the prophet being as high in the divine favor as he pretended, since he had suffered such an overthrow by infidels.  Others murmured at the loss of their friends and relations.  To pacify them he used various arguments, telling them the sins of some had been the cause of disgrace to all; that they had been disobedient to orders, in quitting their post for the sake of plunder; that the devil put it into the minds of those who turned back; their flight, however, was forgiven, because God is merciful; that their defeat was intended to try them, and to show them who were believers and who not; that the event of war is uncertain; that the enemy had suffered as well as they; that other prophets before him had been defeated in battle; that death is unavoidable.  And here Mahomet’s doctrine of fate was of as great service to him as it was afterward to his successors, tending as it did to make his people fearless and desperate in fight.  For he taught them that the time of every man’s death is so unalterably fixed that he cannot die before the appointed hour; and, when that is come, no caution whatever can prolong his life one moment;[56] so that they who were slain in battle would certainly have died at the same time, if they had been at home in their houses; but, as they now died fighting for the faith, they had thereby gained a crown of martyrdom, and entered immediately into paradise, where they were in perfect bliss with their Lord.

In the beginning of the next year the prophet had a revelation, commanding him to prohibit wine and games of chance.  Some say the prohibition was owing to a quarrel occasioned by these things among his followers.[57]

In the fifth year of the Hegira, Mahomet, informed by his spies of a design against Medina, surrounded it with a ditch, which was no sooner finished than the Meccans, with several tribes of Arabs, sat down before it, to the number of ten thousand men.  The appearance of so great a force threw the Mussulmans into a consternation.  Some were ready to revolt; and one of them exclaimed aloud, “Yesterday the prophet promised us the wealth of Khusrau (Cosroes) and Caesar, and now he is forced to hide himself behind