The first point which Fonseca impresses upon Ovando is, that before all things, he is to look to what concerns the reverence of God and His worship.  Then he is to examine into the life and capacity of the men about him, and to put good men into office; taking care, however, not to leave all the authority in the hands of subordinates (here we may well imagine Ferdinand nodded approvingly), to the diminution of his own power, “nor to make them so great that they shall have occasion to contrive novelties,” in order to make themselves greater.  Also, let there be change of authorities, so that many may have a share of profit and honour, and be made skilful in affairs.

That he should use moderation in making repartimientos and tributes, not overtaxing the people, which moderation would be furthered by his taking care that his personal and his household expenses were within due bounds.  (Here, I fancy, the monarchs looked at each other, thought of their own frugal way of living, and Isabella smiled.)

That he should not make himself judge in a cause, but let culprits be tried in the ordinary way.  Thus he will avoid unpopularity, for “the remembrance of the crime perishes:  not so that of the punishment.” (This aphorism must, I think, have been composed by Ferdinand himself.  His writing is always exceedingly concise and to the purpose.)

That he should not listen to tale-bearers, (parleros) either of his own household or to those out of it; nor take vengeance upon anybody who had spoken ill of him, it being “an ugly thing to believe that anybody could speak ill of one who did ill to no one, but good to all,” That it is one of the conditions of bad governors, “moved therein by their own consciences” to give heed to what they hear is said of them, and to take ill that, which if it had been said, they had better not have heard.  Rather let injurious sayings be overcome by magnanimity.

That it would be good for him to give free audience to all, and to hear what they had to say; and if their counsel turned out ill, not to look coldly upon them for that.  The same in war, or in any other undertaking:  his agents must not have to fear punishment for failure, nor calumny for success:  “for there were many persons who, to avoid the envy of their superiors, sought rather to lose a victory than to gain it,” (Here Ferdinand ought to have looked a little ashamed, being conscious that his own practice by no means came up to what he perceives to be noble and wise policy in the matter.)

That he (Ovando) should look to what example he gives both in word and deed,—­governors living, as in a theatre, in the midst of the world.  If he does ill, even those who follow him in that, will not the less disesteem him.

That although it is necessary for him to know the life of everyone, yet he must not be over-inquisitive about it, nor rout up offences which are not brought before him officially.  “Since if all offences were looked into, few men, or none, would be without punishment.”  Besides, for secret faults men may correct themselves:  if those faults are made known, and especially if they are punished in excess, shame is lost, and men give way to their bad impulses.