ethnographical map of India 102
ethnographical map of Asia 103
ethnographical map of Africa 105
distribution of wild and civilized tribes in the Philippines 147
distribution of population in the province of Finmarken 153
distribution of population in the united states in 1800 156
the Slav-German boundary in Europe 223
ethnographical map of Russia 225
the German north sea coast 243
ancient Phoenician and Greek colonies 251
riparian villages of the lower st. Lawrence 365
lake of the four forest cantons 374
the annual rainfall of the world 484
the cultural regions of Africa and Arabia 487
distribution of religions in the old world 513
density of population in Italy 559
mean annual isotherms and heat belts 612

CHAPTER I

THE OPERATION OF GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS IN HISTORY

[Sidenote:  Man a product of the earth’s surface.]

Man is a product of the earth’s surface.  This means not merely that he is a child of the earth, dust of her dust; but that the earth has mothered him, fed him, set him tasks, directed his thoughts, confronted him with difficulties that have strengthened his body and sharpened his wits, given him his problems of navigation or irrigation, and at the same time whispered hints for their solution.  She has entered into his bone and tissue, into his mind and soul.  On the mountains she has given him leg muscles of iron to climb the slope; along the coast she has left these weak and flabby, but given him instead vigorous development of chest and arm to handle his paddle or oar.  In the river valley she attaches him to the fertile soil, circumscribes his ideas and ambitions by a dull round of calm, exacting duties, narrows his outlook to the cramped horizon of his farm.  Up on the wind-swept plateaus, in the boundless stretch