CHAPTER XVI.  INFLUENCES OF A MOUNTAIN ENVIRONMENT

Zones of altitude—­Politico-economic value of a varied relief—­Belief and climate—­Altitude zones of economic and cultural development—­Altitude and density belts in tropical highlands—­Increasing density where altitude confers safety—­Geographic conditions affecting density of mountain population—­Terrace agriculture—­Its geographical distribution—­Terrace agriculture in mountainous islands—­Among savage peoples—­Fertilizing terrace lands—­Economy of level land—­Mountain pastures and stock-raising—­Life and industry of the summer herdsmen—­Communal ownership of mountain pastures—­Hay making in high mountains—­Winter industries of mountain peoples—­Overpopulation and emigration—­Preventive checks to increase of population—­Religious celibacy—­Polyandry—­Marauding tendencies in mountaineers—­Historical consequences of mountain raiding—­Conquest of mountain regions—­Political dismemberment of mountain peoples—­Types of mountain states—­Significance of their small size—­Mountain isolation and differentiation—­Survival of primitive races in mountains—­Diversity of peoples and dialects—­Constriction of mountain areas of ethnic survival—­Isolation and retardation of mountain regions—­Mental and moral qualities of mountain people.

CHAPTER XVII.  THE INFLUENCES OF CLIMATE UPON MAN

Importance of climatic influences—­Climate in the interplay of geographic factors—­Its direct and indirect effects—­Climate determines the habitable area of the earth—­Effect of climate upon relief and hence upon man—­Man’s adaptability to climatic extremes—­Temperature as modified by oceans and winds—­Rainfall—­Temperature and zonal location—­Mutual reactions of contrasted zones—­Isothermal lines in anthropo-geography—­Historical effects of compressed isotherms—­Historical effects of slight climatic differences—­Their influence upon distribution of immigration—­Temperature and race temperament—­Complexity of this problem—­Monotonous climatic conditions—­Effects of Arctic cold—­Effect of monotonous heat—­The tropics as goals of migration—­The problem of acclimatization—­Historical importance of the temperate zone—­Contrast of the seasons—­Duration of the seasons—­Effect of long winters and long summers—­Zones of culture—­Temperate zone as cradle of civilization

INDEX

LIST OF MAPS.

Density of population in the eastern hemisphere 8
density of population in the western hemisphere 9
Powell’s map of Indian linguistic stocks 54
primitive Indian stocks of south America 101