[70] Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol.  I, p. 35.  London, 1896-1898.

[71] Roscher, National-Oekonomik des Ackerbaues, p. 34, note 8.  Stuttgart, 1888.

[72] Elisee Reclus, The Earth and Its Inhabitants, Asia, Vol.  I, p. 171.  New York, 1895.

[73] Alfred Hettner, Die Geographie des Menschen, pp. 409-410 in Geographische Zeitschrift, Vol.  XIII, No. 8.  Leipzig, 1907.

[74] S.B.  Boulton, The Russian Empire, pp. 60-64.  London, 1882.

[75] E.C.  Semple, The Anglo-Saxons of the Kentucky Mountains, The Geographical Journal, Vol.  XVII, No. 6, pp. 588-623.  London, 1901.

[76] E.C.  Semple, American History and its Geographic Conditions, pp. 25-31.  Boston, 1903.  The Influence of Geographic Environment on the Lower St. Lawrence, Bull. Amer.  Geog.  Society, Vol.  XXXVI, p. 449-466.  New York, 1904.

[77] A.R.  Colquhoun, Africander Land, pp. 200-201.  New York, 1906.

[78] Ibid., pp. 140-145.  James Bryce, Impressions of South Africa, p. 398.  New York, 1897.

CHAPTER III

SOCIETY AND STATE IN RELATION TO THE LAND

[Sidenote:  People and land.]

Every clan, tribe, state or nation includes two ideas, a people and its land, the first unthinkable without the other.  History, sociology, ethnology touch only the inhabited areas of the earth.  These areas gain their final significance because of the people who occupy them; their local conditions of climate, soil, natural resources, physical features and geographic situation are important primarily as factors in the development of actual or possible inhabitants.  A land is fully comprehended only when studied in the light of its influence upon its people, and a people cannot be understood apart from the field of its activities.  More than this, human activities are fully intelligible only in relation to the various geographic conditions which have stimulated them in different parts of the world.  The principles of the evolution of navigation, of agriculture, of trade, as also the theory of population, can never reach their correct and final statement, unless the data for the conclusions are drawn from every part of the world, and each fact interpreted in the light of the local conditions whence it sprang.  Therefore anthropology, sociology and history should be permeated by geography.

[Sidenote:  Political geography and history.]

In history, the question of territory,—­by which is meant mere area in contrast to specific geographic conditions—­has constantly come to the front, because a state obviously involved land and boundaries, and assumed as its chief function the defence and extension of these.  Therefore political geography developed early as an offshoot of history.  Political science has often formulated its principles without regard to the geographic conditions of states, but