[1087] Pallas, Travels in the Southern Provinces of Russia in 1793-1794, Vol.  II, p. 4.  London, 1812.

[1088] Ibid., Vol.  I, pp. 94, 256.

[1089] Genesis, XIII, 7-8; XXI, 25-30; XXVI, 15-22.

[1090] Herbert Spencer, Principles of Sociology, Vol.  I, p. 545.  New York, 1887.

[1091] Thucydides, Book II, 96.

[1092] Herodotus, IV, 46.

[1093] Meredith Townsend, Asia and Europe, Chapter on Arab Courage.  New York, 1904.

[1094] Wilhelm Roscher, National-Oekonomik des Ackerbaues, p. 44.  Stuttgart, 1888.

[1095] J.L.  Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys, Vol.  I, pp. 35-36.  London, 1831.

[1096] John de Plano Carpini, Journey to the Northeast, pp. 114-117, 120-125.  Hakluyt Society, London, 1904.

[1097] Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol.  I, p. 28.  London, 1896-1898.

[1098] J.H.  Speke, Discovery of the Source of the Nile, pp. 241-244.  New York, 1868.

[1099] Journey of William de Rubruquis, pp. 18-27, Hakluyt Society, London, 1900.

[1100] Jerome Dowd, The Negro Races, Vol.  I, pp. 225-232.  New York, 1907.

[1101] Sir Francis Younghusband, The Heart of a Continent, pp. 85-98.  London, 1904.

[1102] Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol.  I, p. 170.  London, 1896-1898.

[1103] Heinrich Barth, Travels in North and Central Africa, Vol.  I, pp. 148, 152, 204, 210, 303.  New York, 1857.

[1104] J.L.  Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys, Vol.  I, pp. 115-119, 284-286, 296-300.  London, 1831.

[1105] Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol.  V, pp. 85-87.  New York, 1857.

[1106] Jerome Dowd, The Negro Races, Vol.  I, pp. 234-235.  New York,1907.

[1107] Vambery, Reise in Mittel Asien, pp. 288-290.  Leipzig, 1873.

[1108] James Bryce, Impressions of South Africa, pp. 108, 128, 129, 155, 199, 452-453.  New York, 1897.

[1109] For vivid description of desert defensive warfare, see Gustav Frensen, Peter Moore’s Journey to Southwest Africa.  Translated from the German, 1908.  Based upon interviews with hundreds of returning German soldiers from the Damara campaign.

[1110] H.B.  Mill, International Geography, p. 454.  New York, 1902.

[1111] Henry Norman, All the Russias, p. 273.  New York, 1902.

[1112] L. March Phillipps, In the Desert, pp. 54-56.  London, 1905.

[1113] Ibid., pp. 181-164.

[1114] Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol.  III, p. 177.  London, 1896-1898.

[1115] Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, The Empire of the Tsars, Vol.  I, pp. 29-30.  New York, 1893.

[1116] Pallas, Travels through the Southern Provinces of Russia, Vol.  I, pp. 532-533.  London, 1812.

[1117] Sir S.W.  Baker, Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia, p. 88.  Hartford, 1868.

[1118] David Livingstone, Missionary Travels, pp. 53-56, 169.  New York, 1858.