In 1901, the tonnage of our merchant vessels on the Great Lakes was half that of our Pacific, Atlantic and Gulf coasts combined,[746] constituting a freshwater fleet greater than the merchant marine of either France or sea-bred Norway.  A remote but by no means faint echo of this fact is found in the five hundred or more boats, equally available for trade or war, which Henry M. Stanley saw the Uganda prince muster on the shore of Victoria Nyanza Lake.  Ocean, sea, bay, estuary, river, swamp, lake:  here is Nature’s great circle returning upon itself, a circle faintly notched into arcs, but one in itself and one in man’s uses.

NOTES TO CHAPTER XI

[630] Isabella B. Bishop, The Yangtze Valley and Beyond, Vol.  I, pp. 26-27.  New York and London, 1900.

[631] Fiske, Discovery of America, Vol.  I, p. 492.  Boston, 1892.

[632] Capt.  James Cook, Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, 1776-1780, Vol.  II, pp. 321-332.  New York, 1796.

[633] John Richard Green, The Making of England, Vol.  I, pp. 63-66, 84-86, 95, 96.  London, 1904.

[634] E. Lavisse, Histoire de France, Vol.  II, Part I, pp. 374-375, 378-379, 381-382, 385-386.  Paris, 1903.

[635] Helmolt, History of the World, Vol.  I, pp. 189-191, map.  New York, 1902-1906.

[636] Ibid., Vol.  I, pp. 192-194.

[637] G.W.  Kitchen, History of France, Vol.  I, pp. 59-60.  Oxford, 1892.

[638] Dietrich Schaeffer, Die Hansestaedte und Koenig Waldemar von Daenemark, p. 36.  Jena, 1879.

[639] G.G.  Chisholm, Commercial Geography, p. 311.  London, 1904.

[640] Capt.  A.T.  Mahan, The Problem of Asia, pp. 41, 60, 120.  New York, 1900.

[641] Isabella B. Bishop, The Yangtze Valley and Beyond, Vol.  I, pp. 97-98.  New York and London, 1900.

[642] E.C.  Semple, Development of the Hanse Towns in Relation to their Geographic Environment, Bulletin Amer.  Geog.  Soc., Vol. 31.  No. 3. 1899.

[643] Nordenskiold, Voyage of the Vega, pp. 519-530, 552.  New York, 1882.  Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, The Empire of the Tsars, Vol.  I, Note pp. 278-281.  New York, 1902.

[644] Agnes Laut, Voyagers of the Northern Ocean, Harper’s Magazine, January, 1906.

[645] Alexis Krausse, Russia in Asia, pp. 21-54.  New York, 1899.

[646] Felix Dubois, Timbuctoo, pp. 198-190, 251-257.  New York, 1896.

[647] Ibid., p. 38.

[648] D. Livingstone, Missionary Travels, pp. 71, 177.  New York, 1858.

[649] W. Deecke, Italy, p. 87.  London, 1904.

[650] G. Adam Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land, map facing p. 167; also pp. 287, 327-328.  New York, 1897.

[651] F.M.  Stapff, Karte des unteren Khiusebthal, Petermanns Mitteilungen, p. 202.  July, 1885.

[652] Strabo, Book III, chap.  II, 4.