reflected in the political union of the two districts for long periods, first under the Carthaginians, then the Romans, who secured Hispania by a victory on African soil, and finally by the Saracens.  This same African note in Spanish history recurs to-day in Spain’s interest in Morocco and the influence in Moroccan affairs yielded her by France and Germany at the Algeciras convention in 1905, and in her ownership of Ceuta and five smaller presidios on the Moroccan coast.  Compare Portugal’s former ownership of Tangier.

In contradistinction to continental and intercontinental location, anthropo-geography recognizes two other narrower meanings of the term.  The innate mobility of the human race, due primarily to the eternal food-quest and increase of numbers, leads a people to spread out over a territory till they reach the barriers which nature has set up, or meet the frontiers of other tribes and nations.  Their habitat or their specific geographic location is thus defined by natural features of mountain, desert and sea, or by the neighbors whom they are unable to displace, or more often by both.

[Sidenote:  Natural versus vicinal location.]

A people has, therefore, a twofold location, an immediate one, based upon their actual territory, and a mediate or vicinal one, growing out of its relations to the countries nearest them.  The first is a question of the land under their feet; the other, of the neighbors about them.  The first or natural location embodies the complex of local geographic conditions which furnish the basis for their tribal or national existence.  This basis may be a peninsula, island, archipelago, an oasis, an arid steppe, a mountain system, or a fertile lowland.  The stronger the vicinal location, the more dependent is the people upon the neighboring states, but the more potent the influence which it can, under certain circumstances, exert upon them.  Witness Germany in relation to Holland, France, Austria and Poland.  The stronger the natural location, on the other hand, the more independent is the people and the more strongly marked is the national character.  This is exemplified in the people of mountain lands like Switzerland, Abyssinia and Nepal; of peninsulas like Korea, Spain and Scandinavia; and of islands like England and Japan.  To-day we stand amazed at that strong primordial brand of the Japanese character which nothing can blur or erase.

[Sidenote:  Naturally defined location.]

Clearly defined natural locations, in which barriers of mountains and sea draw the boundaries and guarantee some degree of isolation, tend to hold their people in a calm embrace, to guard them against outside interference and infusion of foreign blood, and thus to make them develop the national genius in such direction as the local geographic conditions permit.  In the unceasing movements which have made up most of the historic and prehistoric life of the human race, in their migrations