Though peace was thus made with Sweden, a foolish quarrel, for some time, prevented the conclusion of a treaty with Poland.  Ivan IV. demanded, that Augustus, King of Poland, should recognize him as Emperor of Russia.  Augustus replied, that there were but two emperors in the world, the Emperor of Germany and the Sultan of Turkey.  Ivan sent, through his embassadors, to Augustus; the letters of Pope Clement, of the Emperor Maximilian, of the Sultan, of the Kings of Spain, Sweden and Denmark, and the recent dispatch of the King of England, all of whom recognized his title of tzar, or emperor.  Still, the Polish king would not allow Ivan a title, which seemed to place the Russian throne on an eminence above that of Poland.  Unfriendly relations consequently continued, with jealousies and border strifes, though there was no vigorous outbreak of war.

Ivan IV. now succeeded in attaching Livonia to the great and growing empire.  It came in first as tributary, purchasing, by an annual contribution, peace with Russia and protection.  Though there were many subsequent conflicts with Livonia, the territory subsequently became an integral portion of the empire.  Russia had now become so great, that her growth was yearly manifest as surrounding regions were absorbed by her superior civilization and her armies.  The unenlightened States which surrounded her, were ever provoking hostilities, invasion, and becoming absorbed.  In the year 1558, the Tartars of Tauride, having assembled an army of one hundred thousand horsemen, a combination of Tartars and Turks, suddenly entered Russia, and sweeping resistlessly on, a war tempest of utter desolation, reached within two hundred miles of Moscow.  There they learned that Ivan himself, with an army more numerous than their own, was on the march to meet them.  Turning, they retreated more rapidly than they advanced.  Notwithstanding their retreat, Ivan resolved to pursue them to their own haunts.  A large number of bateaux was constructed and launched upon the Don and also upon the Dnieper.  The army, in these two divisions, descended these streams, one to the Sea of Azof, the other to the mouth of the Dnieper.  Thence invading Tauride, both by the east and the west, they drove the terrified inhabitants, taken entirely by surprise, like sheep before them.  The tents of these nomads they committed to the flames.  Their flocks and herds were seized, with a great amount of booty, and many Russian captives were liberated.  The Tartars fled to fastnesses whence they could not be pursued.  Some Turks being taken with the horde, Ivan sent them with rich presents to the sultan, stating that he did not make war against Turkey, only against the robbers of Tauride.  The Russian troops returned from this triumphant expedition, by ascending the waters of the Dnieper.  All Russia was filled with rejoicing, while the churches resounded with “Te Deums.”