CHAPTER XI.

Influence of Mohammedanism—­Circumcision of Christians—­Even of a bishop—­Customs retained for contrast—­Cleanliness rejected as peculiar to Moslems—­Celibacy of clergy—­Chivalry—­Origin—­Derived from Arabs—­Favoured by state of Spain—­Spain the cradle of chivalry—­Arab chivalry—­Qualifications for a knight—­Rules of knighthood—­The Cid—­Almanzor—­His generosity—­Justice—­Moslem military orders—­Holy wars—­Christianity Mohammedanized—­The “Apotheosis of chivalry”—­Chivalry a sort of religion—­Social compromise—­Culminates in the Crusades 149-156

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX A.

Jews persecuted by Goths—­Help the Saracens—­Numbers—­Jews in France—­Illtreated—­Accusations against—­Eleazar, an apostate—­Incites the Spanish Moslems against the Christians—­Intellectual development of Jews in Spain—­Come to be disliked by Arabs—­Jews and the Messiah—­Judaism deteriorated—­Contact with Islam—­Civil position—­Jews at Toledo—­Christian persecution of Jews—­Massacre—­Expulsion—­Conversion—­The “Mala Sangre”—­The Inquisition 156-161

APPENDIX B.

Spain and the papal power—­Early independence—­Early importance of Spanish Church—­Arian Spain—­Orthodox Spain—­Increase of papal influence—­Independent spirit of king and clergy—­Quarrel with the pope—­Arab invasion—­Papal authority in the North—­Crusade preached—­Intervention of the pope—­St James’ relics—­Claudius of Turin—­Rejection of pope’s claims—­Increase of pope’s power in Spain—­Appealed to against Muzarabes—­Errors of Migetius—­Keeping of Easter—­Eating of pork—­Intermarriage with Jews and Moslems—­Fasting on Sundays—­Elipandus withstands the papal claims—­Upholds intercourse with Arabs—­Rejects papal supremacy—­Advance of Christians in the North—­Extension of power of the pope—­Gothic liturgy suspected—­Suppressed—­Authority of pope over king—­Appeals from the king to the pope—­Rupture with the Roman See—­Resistance of sovereign and barons to the pope—­Inquisition established—­Victims—­Moriscoes persecuted—­Reformation stamped out—­Subjection of Spanish Church 161-173

LIST OF AUTHORITIES 175-182

CHAPTER I.

The Goths in Spain.

Just about the time when the Romans withdrew from Britain, leaving so many of their possessions behind them, the Suevi, Alani, and Vandals, at the invitation of Gerontius, the Roman governor of Spain, burst into that province over the unguarded passes of the Pyrenees.[1] Close on their steps followed the Visigoths; whose king, taking in marriage Placidia, the sister of Honorius, was acknowledged by the helpless emperor independent ruler of such parts of Southern Gaul and Spain as he