CHAPTER VIII.

Arab factions—­Berbers—­Spaniards—­Muwallads—­Despised by Arabs—­Revolts at Cordova, &c.—­Intrigues with the Franks—­Letter of Louis—­Revolt of Toledo—­Christians and Muwallads make common cause—­Omar—­Begins life as a bandit—­Captured—­Escapes—­Heads the national party—­Becomes a Christian—­Utterly defeated—­Muwallads desert him—­Death of Omar—­Stronghold of Bobastro captured—­End of rebellion—­Christians under Abdurrahman iii.—­Almanzor—­Anarchy—­End of Khalifate—­Knowledge of Christianity and Mohammedanism slight among those of the opposite creed—­Christian writers on Islam—­Eulogius—­Mohammed’s relation to Christianity—­Alvar—­Unfair to Mohammed—­His ignorance of the Koran—­Prophecy of Daniel.—­Moslem knowledge of Christianity—­Mistaken idea of the Trinity—­Ibn Hazm—­St James of Compostella 98-114

CHAPTER IX.

Traces of amalgamation of religions—­Instances elsewhere—­Essential differences of Islam and Christianity—­Compromise attempted—­Influence of Islam, over Christianity—­Innovating spirit in Spain—­Heresy in Septimania—­Its possible connection with Mohammedanism—­Migetian heresy as to the Trinity—­Its approach to the Mohammedan doctrine—­Other similar heresies—­Adoptionism—­Our knowledge of it—­Whence derived—­Connection with Islam—­Its author or authors—­Probably Elipandus—­His opponents—­His character—­Independence—­Jealousy of the Free Church in the North—­Nature of Adoptionism—­Not a revival of Nestorianism—–­Origin of the name—­Arose from inadvertence—­Felix—­His arguments—­Alcuin’s answers—­Christ, the Son of God by adoption—­Unity of Persons acknowledged—­First mention of theory—­Adrian—–­Extension of heresy—­Its opponents—­Felix amenable to Church discipline—­Elipandus under Arab rule—­Councils—­Of Narbonne—­Friuli—­Ratisbon—­Felix abjures his heresy—­Alcuin—­Council of Frankfort—­Heresy anathematized—­Councils of Rome and Aix—­Felix again recants—­Alcuin’s book—­Elipandus and Felix die in their error—­Summary of evidence connecting adoptionism with Mohammedanism—­Heresy of Claudius—–­Iconoclasm Libri Carolini—­Claudius, bishop of Turin—­Crusade against image-worship—­His opponents—­Arguments—­Independence—­Summoned before a Council—­Refuses to attend—­Albigensian heresy 114-136

CHAPTER X.

Mutual influences of the two creeds—­Socially and intellectually—­“No monks in Islam”—­Faquirs—­The conventual system adopted by the Arabs—­Arab account of a convent—­Moslem nuns—­Islam Christianised—–­Christian spirit in Mohammedanism—­Arab magnanimity—­Moslem miracles—–­like Christian ones—­Enlightened Moslems—­Philosophy—­Freethinkers—
­Theologians—­Almanzor—­Moslem sceptics—­Averroes—­The faquis or theologians—­Sect of Malik ibn Ans—­Power of theologians—–­Decay of Moslem customs—­Wine drunk—­Music cultivated—­Silk worn—­Statues set up—­Turning towards Mecca—­Eating of sow’s flesh—­Enfranchisement of Moslem women—­Love—­Distinguished women—–­Women in mosques—­At tournaments—­Arab love-poem—­Treatise on love 136-149