CHAP.  IV.

Address—­all nations have used ceremonies of address—­George Fox bears his testimony against those in use in his own times—­sufferings of the Quakers on this account—­makes no exception in favor of royalty—­his dispute with Judge Glynn—­modern Quakers follow his example—­use no ceremonies even to majesty—­various reasons for their disuse of them.

All nations have been in the habit of using outward gestures or ceremonies, as marks of affection, obeisance or respect.  And these outward ceremonies have been different from one another, so much so, that those, which have been adjudged to be suitable emblems of certain affections or dispositions of the mind among one people, would have been considered as very improper emblems of the same, and would have been even thought ridiculous by another, yet all nations have supposed, that they employed the most rational modes for these purposes.  And indeed, there were probably none of these outward gestures and ceremonies, which, in their beginning, would not have admitted of a reasonable defence while they continued to convey to the minds of those, who adopted them, the objects, for which they were intended, or while those, who used them, persevered with sincerity in their use, little or no objection could be made to them by the moralist.  But as soon as the ends of their institution were lost, or they were used without any appropriate feeling of the heart, they became empty civilities, and little better than mockery or grimace.

The customs of this sort, which obtained in the time of George Fox, were similar to those, which are now in use on similar occasions.  People pulled off their hats, and bowed, and scraped with their feet.  And these things they did, as marks of civility, friendship, or respect to one another.

George Fox was greatly grieved about these idle ceremonies.  He lamented that men should degrade themselves by the use of them, and that they should encourage habits, that were abhorrent of the truth.  His feelings were so strong upon this subject, that he felt himself called upon to bear his testimony against them.  Accordingly he never submitted to them himself, and those, who received his religious doctrines, followed his example.

The omission of these ceremonies, however, procured both for him and his followers, as had been the case in the change of thou for you, much ill-will, and harsh treatment.  The Quakers were derided and abused.  Their hats were taken forcibly from their heads, and thrown away.  They were beaten and imprisoned on this sole account.  And so far did the world carry their resentment towards them for the omission of these little ceremonies, that they refused for some time to deal with them as tradesmen, or to buy things at their shops, so that some Quakers could hardly get money enough to buy themselves bread.