(1) Brahmanah, a man of the highest caste.

  (2) Brahmanam, an ancient liturgical treatise.

  (3) Brahma, the Godhead, stem Brahman, neuter.

(4) Brahma, a masculine nominative also formed from the stem Brahman and used as the name of a personal deity.

For (3) the stem Brahman is commonly used, as being distinct from Brahma, though liable to be confounded with the name of the caste.]

[Footnote 8:  For some years most scholars accepted the opinion that the Buddha died in 487 B.C. but the most recent researches into the history of the Saisunaga dynasty suggest that the date should be put back to 554 B.C.  See Vincent Smith, Oxford History of India, p. 52.]

[Footnote 9:  This is sometimes rendered simply by desire but desire in English is a vague word and may include feelings which do not come within the Pali tanha.  The Buddha did not reprobate good desires.  See Mrs Rhys David’s Buddhism, p. 222 and E.R.E. s.v.  Desire.]

[Footnote 10:  It is practically correct to say that Buddhism was the first universal and missionary religion, but Mahavira, the founder of the Jains and probably somewhat slightly his senior, is credited with the same wide view.]

[Footnote 11:  It may be conveniently and correctly called Pali Buddhism.  This is better than Southern Buddhism or Hinayana, for the Buddhism of Java which lies even farther to the south is not the same and there were formerly Hinayanists in Central Asia and China.]

[Footnote 12:  See Finot, J.A. 1912, n. 121-136.]

[Footnote 13:  There is no Indian record of Bodhidharma’s doctrine and its origin is obscure, but it seems to have been a compound of Buddhism and Vedantism.]

[Footnote 14:  This is proved by coins and also by the Besnagar inscription.]

[Footnote 15:  I do not think that this view is disproved by the fact that Patanjali and the scholiasts on Panini allude to images for they also allude to Greeks.  For the contrary view see Sten Konow in I.A. 1909, p. 145.  The facts are (a) The ancient Brahmanic ritual used no images. (b) They were used by Buddhism and popular Hinduism about the fourth century B.C. (c) Alexander conquered Bactria in 329 B.C.  But allowance must be made for the usages of popular and especially of Dravidian worship of which at this period we know nothing.]

[Footnote 16:  Few now advocate an earlier date such as 58 B.C.]

[Footnote 17:  His authorship of The Awakening of Faith must be regarded as doubtful.]

[Footnote 18:  Much of the Ramayana and Mahabharata must have been composed during this period, both poems (especially the latter) consisting of several strata.]

[Footnote 19:  E.g. the Vyuhas of the Pancaratras, the five Jinas of the Mahayanists and the five Sadasiva tattvas.  See Gopinatha Rao, Elements of Indian Iconography, vol.  III p. 363.]