prosperity and peace.”  The evil dragons are those introduced by the Buddhists, who applied the current dragon legends to the nagas inhabiting the mountains.  These mountain nagas, or dragons (perhaps originally dreaded mountain tribes), are harmful, those inhabiting lakes and rivers friendly and helpful.  The dragon, the “chief of the three hundred and sixty scaly reptiles,” is most generally represented as having the head of a horse and the tail of a snake, with wings on its sides.  It has four legs.  The imperial dragon has five claws on each foot, other dragons only four.  The dragon is also said to have nine ‘resemblances’:  “its horns resemble those of a deer, its head that of a camel, its eyes those of a devil, its neck that of a snake, its abdomen that of a large cockle, its scales those of a carp, its claws those of an eagle, the soles of its feet those of a tiger, its ears those of an ox;” but some have no ears, the organ of hearing being said to be in the horns, or the creature “hears through its horns.”  These various properties are supposed to indicate the “fossil remnants of primitive worship of many animals.”  The small dragon is like the silk caterpillar.  The large dragon fills the Heaven and the earth.  Before the dragon, sometimes suspended from his neck, is a pearl.  This represents the sun.  There are azure, scaly, horned, hornless, winged, etc., dragons, which apparently evolve one out of the other:  “a horned dragon,” for example, “in a thousand years changes to a flying dragon.”

The dragon is also represented as the father of the great emperors of ancient times.  His bones, teeth, and saliva are employed as a medicine.  He has the power of transformation and of rendering himself visible or invisible at pleasure.  In the spring he ascends to the skies, and in the autumn buries himself in the watery depths.  Some are wingless, and rise into the air by their own inherent power.  There is the celestial dragon, who guards the mansions of the gods and supports them so that they do not fall; the divine dragon, who causes the winds to blow and produces rain for the benefit of mankind; the earth-dragon, who marks out the courses of rivers and streams; and the dragon of the hidden treasures, who watches over the wealth concealed from mortals.

The Buddhists count their dragons in number equal to the fish of the great deep, which defies arithmetical computation, and can be expressed only by their sacred numerals.  The people have a more certain faith in them than in most of their divinities, because they see them so often; every cloud with a curious configuration or serpentine tail is a dragon.  “We see him,” they say.  The scattering of the cloud is his disappearance.  He rules the hills, is connected with feng-shui (geomancy), dwells round the graves, is associated with the Confucian worship, is the Neptune of the sea, and appears on dry land.

The Dragon-kings