Chapter

I. The Sociology of the Chinese
ii.  On Chinese Mythology
iii.  Cosmogony—­P’an Ku and the Creation Myth
IV.  The Gods of China
V. Myths of the Stars
vi.  Myths of Thunder, Lightning, Wind, and Rain
vii.  Myths of the Waters
viii.  Myths of Fire
IX.  Myths of Epidemics, Medicine, Exorcism, Etc. 
X. The Goddess of Mercy
xi.  The Eight Immortals
XII.  The Guardian of the Gate of Heaven
XIII.  A Battle of the Gods
XIV.  How the Monkey Became a God
XV.  Fox Legends
XVI.  Miscellaneous Legends
        The Pronunciation of Chinese Words

Mais cet Orient, cette Asie, quelles en sont, enfin, les frontieres reelles?...  Ces frontieres sont d’une nettete qui ne permet aucune erreur.  L’Asie est la ou cesse la vulgarite, ou nait la dignite, et ou commence l’elegance intellectuelle.  Et l’Orient est la ou sont les sources debordantes de poesie.

Mardrus, La Reine de Saba

CHAPTER I

The Sociology of the Chinese

Racial Origin

In spite of much research and conjecture, the origin of the Chinese people remains undetermined.  We do not know who they were nor whence they came.  Such evidence as there is points to their immigration from elsewhere; the Chinese themselves have a tradition of a Western origin.  The first picture we have of their actual history shows us, not a people behaving as if long settled in a land which was their home and that of their forefathers, but an alien race fighting with wild beasts, clearing dense forests, and driving back the aboriginal inhabitants.

Setting aside several theories (including the one that the Chinese are autochthonous and their civilization indigenous) now regarded by the best authorities as untenable, the researches of sinologists seem to indicate an origin (1) in early Akkadia; or (2) in Khotan, the Tarim valley (generally what is now known as Eastern Turkestan), or the K’un-lun Mountains (concerning which more presently).  The second hypothesis may relate only to a sojourn of longer or shorter duration on the way from Akkadia to the ultimate settlement in China, especially since the Khotan civilization has been shown to have been imported from the Punjab in the third century B.C.  The fact that serious mistakes have been made regarding the identifications of early Chinese rulers with Babylonian kings, and of the Chinese po-hsing (Cantonese bak-sing) ‘people’ with the Bak Sing or Bak tribes, does not exclude the possibility of an Akkadian origin.  But in either case the immigration into China was probably gradual, and may have taken the route from Western or Central Asia direct to the banks of the Yellow River, or may possibly have followed that to the south-east through Burma and then to the north-east through what is now China—­the settlement of the latter country having thus spread from south-west to north-east, or in a north-easterly direction along the Yangtzu River, and so north, instead of, as is generally supposed, from north to south.