of rebellion.  All this is mighty well.  But my honorable and learned friend[22] on the floor, who condescends to mark what I say for animadversion, will disdain that ground.  He has heard, as well as I, that, when great honors and great emoluments do not win over this knowledge to the service of the state, it is a formidable adversary to government.  If the spirit be not tamed and broken by these happy methods, it is stubborn and litigious. Abeunt studia in mores.  This study renders men acute, inquisitive, dexterous, prompt in attack, ready in defence, full of resources.  In other countries, the people, more simple, and of a less mercurial cast, judge of an ill principle in government only by an actual grievance; here they anticipate the evil, and judge of the pressure of the grievance by the badness of the principle.  They augur misgovernment at a distance, and snuff the approach of tyranny in every tainted breeze.

The last cause of this disobedient spirit in the colonies is hardly less powerful than the rest, as it is not merely moral, but laid deep in the natural constitution of things.  Three thousand miles of ocean lie between you and them.  No contrivance can prevent the effect of this distance in weakening government.  Seas roll, and months pass, between the order and the execution; and the want of a speedy explanation of a single point is enough to defeat an whole system.  You have, indeed, winged ministers of vengeance, who carry your bolts in their pounces to the remotest verge of the sea:  but there a power steps in, that limits the arrogance of raging passions and furious elements, and says, “So far shalt thou go, and no farther.”  Who are you, that should fret and rage, and bite the chains of Nature?  Nothing worse happens to you than does to all nations who have extensive empire; and it happens in all the forms into which empire can be thrown.  In large bodies, the circulation of power must be less vigorous at the extremities.  Nature has said it.  The Turk cannot govern Egypt, and Arabia, and Kurdistan, as he governs Thrace; nor has he the same dominion in Crimea and Algiers which he has at Brusa and Smyrna.  Despotism itself is obliged to truck and huckster.  The Sultan gets such obedience as he can.  He governs with a loose rein, that he may govern at all; and the whole of the force and vigor of his authority in his centre is derived from a prudent relaxation in all his borders.  Spain, in her provinces, is perhaps not so well obeyed as you are in yours.  She complies, too; she submits; she watches times.  This is the immutable condition, the eternal law, of extensive and detached empire.

Then, Sir, from these six capital sources, of descent, of form of government, of religion in the northern provinces, of manners in the southern, of education, of the remoteness of situation from the first mover of government,—­from all these causes a fierce spirit of liberty has grown up.  It has grown with the growth of the people in your colonies, and increased with the increase of their wealth:  a spirit, that, unhappily meeting with an exercise of power in England, which, however lawful, is not reconcilable to any ideas of liberty, much less with theirs, has kindled this flame that is ready to consume us.