Besides these there are numerous quarterlies of more or less limited scope, as in science or art, theology or law; such as The Eclectic, The Christian Observer, The Dublin, and many others.

THE MONTHLIES.—­Passing from the reviews to the monthlies, we find the range and number of these far greater, and the matter lighter.  The first great representative of the modern series, and one that has kept its issue up to the present day, is Cave’s Gentleman’s Magazine, which commenced its career in 1831, and has been continued, after Cave’s death, by Henry & Nichols, who wrote under the pseudonym of Sylvanus Urban.  It is a strong link between past and present.  Johnson sent his queries to it while preparing his dictionary, and at the present day it is the favorite vehicle of antiquarians and historians.  Passing by others, we find Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, first published in 1817.  Originally a strong and bitter conservative, it kept up its popularity by its fine stories and poems.  Among the most notable papers in Blackwood are the Noctes Ambrosianae, in which Professor Wilson, under the pseudonym of Christopher North, took the greater part.

Most of the magazines had little or no political proclivity, but were chiefly literary.  Among them are Fraser’s, begun in 1830, and the Dublin University, in 1832.

A charming light literature was presented by the New Monthly:  in politics it was a sort of set-off to Blackwood:  in it Captain Marryat wrote his famous sea stories; and among other contributors are the ever welcome names of Hood, Lytton, and Campbell.  The Penny Magazine, of Knight, was issued from 1832 to 1845.

Quite a new era dawned upon the magazine world in the establishment of several new ones, under the auspices of famous authors; among which we mention The Cornhill, edited by Thackeray, in 1859, with unprecedented success, until his tender heart compelled him to resign it; Temple Bar, by Sala, in 1860, is also very successful.

In 1850 Dickens began the issue of Household Words, and in 1859 this was merged into All the Year Round, which owed its great popularity to the prestige of the same great writer.

Besides these, devoted to literature and criticism, there are also many monthlies issued in behalf of special branches of knowledge, art, and science, which we have not space to refer to.

Descending in the order mentioned, we come to the weeklies, which, besides containing summaries of daily intelligence, also share the magazine field in brief descriptive articles, short stories, and occasional poems.