FROISSART.—­Sire Jean Froissart was born about 1337.  He is placed here for the observance of chronological order:  he was not an English writer, but must receive special mention because his “Chronicles,” although written in French, treat of the English wars in France, and present splendid pictures of English chivalry and heroism.  He lived, too, for some time in England, where he figured at court as the secretary of Philippa, queen of Edward III.  Although not always to be relied on as an historian, his work is unique and charming, and is very truthful in its delineation of the men and manners of that age:  it was written for courtly characters, and not for the common people.  The title of his work may be translated “Chronicles of France, England, Scotland, Spain, Brittany, Gascony, Flanders, and surrounding places.”

SIR JOHN MANDEVIL, (1300-1371.)—­We also place in this general catalogue a work which has, ever since its appearance, been considered one of the curiosities of English literature.  It is a narrative of the travels of Mandevil in the East.  He was born in 1300; became a doctor of medicine, and journeyed in those regions of the earth for thirty-four years.  A portion of the time he was in service with a Mohammedan army; at other times he lived in Egypt, and in China, and, returning to England an old man, he brought such a budget of wonders—­true and false—­stories of immense birds like the roc, which figure in Arabian mythology and romance, and which could carry elephants through the air—­of men with tails, which were probably orang-outangs or gorillas.

Some of his tales, which were then entirely discredited, have been ascertained by modern travellers to be true.  His work was written by him first in Latin, and then in French—­Latin for the savans, and French for the court—­and afterward, such was the power and demand of the new English tongue, that he presented his marvels to the world in an English version.  This was first printed by Wynken de Worde, in 1499.

Other Writers of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, Who Preceded Chaucer.

Robert Manning, a canon of Bourne—­called also Robert de Brunne:  Translated a portion of Wace’s Brut, and also a chronicle of Piers de Langtoft bringing the history down to the death of Edward I. (1307.) He is also supposed to be the author of a translation of the “Manuel des Peches,” (Handling of Sins,) the original of which is ascribed to Bishop Grostete of Lincoln.

The Ancren Riwle, or Anchoresses’ Rule, about 1200, by an unknown writer, sets forth the duties of a monastic life for three ladies (anchoresses) and their household in Dorsetshire.

Roger Bacon, (1214-1292,) a friar of Ilchester:  He extended the area of knowledge by his scientific experiments, but wrote his Opus Magus, or greater work, in comparison with the Opus Minus, and numerous other treatises in Latin.  If he was not a writer in English, his name should be mentioned as a great genius, whose scientific knowledge was far in advance of his age, and who had prophetic glimpses of the future conquests of science.