[Footnote 63:  These troccole were formerly called by the hard names of crepitacula ligna congregantia, mallei excitatorii.  The Greeks used them anciently, as Martene proves from a libellus de miraculis Anastasii presented to the second council of Nice, from S. John Chrysostom’s life by Metaphrastes etc. etc.  In modern times also they continue to use them.  Benedict XIV observes that the practice of the Latin church on these days is intended to preserve the remembrance of the ancient custom.  It is also evidently intended, like the reversed arms of the soldiers, as a sign of mourning for the death of Christ.  This silence of the bells is prescribed in the ancient rituals:  mystical interpreters assign as a reason, that they signify Christ’s preachers and apostles, who were silent during the sufferings of their Master.]

[Footnote 64:  S. Greg.  Turon.  De mirac.  S. Martini “oblatis super altare sacris muneribus, mysterioque Corporis et Sanguinis Christi palla ex more cooperto.”, Vid.  Bona.  Lib.  II, c. 13. not. 12.]

[Footnote 65:  This mass is found in the Antiphonary and Sacramentary of Pope Gregory the great; in all churches but the Roman, as Marlene observes, vespers were joined with the mass on this day, as they are on holy Saturday throughout the Latin church.  On holy-thursday the Pope used generally to preach after the gospel, and in the mean time the Cardinals stripped the altar:  after the sermon the Pope blessed the people as usual, and then began the Credo, according to Benedict, Canon of S. Peter’s.  His Holiness drank on this day directly from the chalice, and did not use the golden reed or fistola, as on other occasions; this we learn from the Apamean Pontifical.]

[Footnote 66:  This chapel was erected by Paul III according to the design of Antonio Sangallo.  Its two large frescoes are the last efforts of the genius of Michelangelo, then aged 75 years:  they represent the crucifixion of S. Peter and the conversion of S. Paul.  The fall of Simon Magus, and the baptism conferred by S. Peter, painted on the righthand-wall are works of Federico Zuccheri; on the opposite side S. Paul at Malta, and restoring the young man, who had fallen from a window, are by Lorenzo Sabbatino da Bologna, the ceiling was painted by Federico Zuccheri.  The B. Sacrament is publicly and solemnly exposed in this chapel for the adoration of the faithful on the first Sunday of Advent as well as on holy-thursday See Chaltard; Descriz. del Vaticano Taja, Palazzo Vaticano.]

[Footnote 67:  S. John Chrysostom established processions at Constantinople in opposition to those of the Arians; and the empress Eudoxia supplied the people with silver crosses and wax lights, to be carried on such occasions.  Socrat.  Hist.  Eccl. lib.  VI, c. 8, Sozomen lib.  VIII, c. 8.  Processions were incompatible with the persecutions of the first three centuries.  During them, and