more to America than the short land-carriage does from the quarries to Florence or Rome.  But good workmen, who can not be dispensed with, are so abundant and so cheap here, so rare and so dear at home, that that alone is a decisive reason for coming abroad.  Even here it is a heavy expense to procure sufficient and competent workmen; at home it is almost at ruinous cost and with nearly insuperable difficulty.  I have two workmen—­as good, certainly, as the best in America—­to the finest of whom I pay only four dollars a day.  He could make twice that cutting weeping-willows on American tomb-stones.  What could he not justly demand in wages from a New York sculptor?  I employ a dozen workmen in my studios; the poorest, at work on pedestals and rough work, earn about half a dollar a day; the moderately skilled, a little over a dollar.  The whole cost me about fifteen dollars per day, which is wonderfully low.  Then, my rent—­which could not, for my extensive accommodations, be less than two thousand five hundred dollars a year in any eligible position which the public would visit—­reaches only about four hundred and fifty dollars, annually.

But, 4.  The general expenses of maintaining a family are so much less here than at home, that a man without capital, possessing a profession so slow in reaching its pecuniary returns as an artist’s, finds an immense inducement to live abroad.  It is true that, music and accomplishment in languages apart, the opportunities of a substantial education for one’s children are not as good here as at home.  There are, however, less temptations to vice, and less exposures to the American habit of hard drinking among young men; but, no doubt, the general influences here, in the way of developing a manly, energetic, and self-relying character, are less favorable than at home.  There is a softness, a disposition to take life easy, and a want of moral earnestness in Italy, which are not favorable to youthful ambition and independence.  On the other hand, the money-getting propensities and social rivalries of America tend to harden human character, and to bring out a severe selfishness which is offensive.  On the whole, the balance is on our side, and, other things apart, American youth are better brought up in America.  But the artist must make this sacrifice to his art.

Mr. Powers is sixty-five years old, but is in full possession of his mental and physical strength.  He is a genuine American, notwithstanding his long residence abroad, and has always a warm welcome for his countrymen visiting his studio.  He is a favorite with the younger artists, who find in him a kind and judicious friend.  Scorning servile imitation, he still exhibits in his works the freshness of his youth and the genuine originality which was the basis of his fame.

CHAPTER XXX.

EMMANUEL LEUTZE.