a word formerly meaning “constricted” or “tight,” but now being extended to mean “one who cannot easily gain entrance in sexual intercourse.”  The “operation has no religious significance,” nor is it done for cleanliness, “but from custom and disinclination to be ridiculed,” probably [as Morga proves] having been learned from the Moros.  The friars were unable to check the custom.  Among the Tagals the operation is called “tuli,” and the method of circumcising is described at length.  The author derives his information from a mestizo and a full-blooded native.  The custom is mentioned by Foreman.

[164] Appellation given to their ecclesiastical sages by Mahometans.

[165] See the king’s decree granting this coat-of-arms, in Vol.  IX, pp. 211-215, with two representations of the coat-of-arms.

[166] Convents occupy almost one-third part of the walled city.—­Rizal.

[167] The walls did not even have any moats then; these were dug after the English invasion of 1762.  The walls were also rearranged at that time, and perfected with the lapse of time and the needs that arose in the city.—­Rizal.

[168] Rizal misprints al cabo del lienco as al campo del lienzo.

[169] Now [1890] the gates of the city are open all night, and in certain periods, passage along the streets and through the walls is allowed at all hours.—­Rizal.

[170] This powder-mill has several times changed its site.  It was afterward near Maalat on the seashore, and then was moved to Nagtaha, on the bank of the Pasig.—­Rizal.

[171] Probably on the same site where the great Tagal cannon-foundry had formerly stood, which was burned and destroyed by the Spaniards at their first arrival in Manila.  San Agustin declares the Tagal foundry to have been as large as that at Malaga.—­Rizal.

[172] The Rizal edition omits the words, muy grande y autorizada, capilla aparte, camara del sello real.

[173] The treasury building.  The governor’s palace was destroyed in 1863.—­Rizal.

[174] The Audiencia and cabildo buildings were also destroyed, but the latter has been rebuilt.—­Rizal.

[175] The Rizal edition misprints sacristan as sacristias.

[176] This is the largest convent in Manila.—­Rizal.

[177] Among the Jesuits, that part of a college where the pensioners or boarders live and receive their instruction.

[178] This college of San Jose was founded in 1601, although the royal decree for it had been conceded in 1585.  The number of collegiates to enter was thirteen, among whom was a nephew of Francisco Tello and a son of Dr. Morga.  From its inception Latin was taught there.  In a suit with the College of Santo Tomas, the Jesuits obtained a favorable decision; and it was recognized as the older institution, and given the preference in public acts.  The historians say that at its inauguration the students wore bonnets covered with diamonds and pearls.  At present [1890] this college, after having moved from house to house, has become a school of pharmacy attached to Santo Tomas, and directed by the Dominican rector.—­Rizal.