[98] A species of fish in the Mediterranean, about three pulgadas [inches] long.  Its color is silver, lightly specked with black.

[99] The fish now called lawlaw is the dry, salted sardine.  The author evidently alludes to the tawilis of Batangas, or to the dilis, which is still smaller, and is used as a staple by the natives.—­Rizal.

For information regarding the fishes of the Philippines, see Delgado (ut supra), book v, part iv, pp. 909-943; Gazetteer of the Philippine Islands (ut supra), pp. 171-172; and (with description of methods of fishing) Report of U. S. Philippine Commission, 1900, iii, pp. 319-324.

[100] Paho.  A species of very small mango from one and one-half to five centimeters in its longer diameter.  It has a soft pit, and exhales a strong pitchy odor.—­Rizal.

[101] A Spanish word signifying a cryptogamous plant; perhaps referring to some species of mushroom.

[102] In Tagal this is kasubha.  It comes from the Sanskrit kasumbha, or Malay kasumba (Pardo de Tavera’s El Sanscrito en la lengua tagalog).—­Rizal.

This plant is the safflower or bastard saffron (Certhamus tinctorius); its flowers are used in making a red dye.

[103] Not a tree, but a climber.  The plants are cultivated by training them about some canes planted in the middle of certain little channels which serve to convey irrigation to the plant twice each day.  A plantation of betel—­or ikmo, as the Tagals call it—­much resembles a German hop-garden.—­Rizal.

[104] This fruit is not that of the betel or buyo, but of the bonga (Tagal bunga), or areca palm.—­Rizal.

[105] Not quicklime, but well slaked lime.—­Rizal.

Rizal misprints un poco de cal viva for vn poluc de cal viua.

[106] The original word is marcada.  Rizal is probably correct in regarding it as a misprint for mascada, chewed.

[107] It is not clear who call these caskets by that name.  I imagine it to be the Spanish name, properly spelt buxeta.  The king of Calicut’s betel box is called buxen in the Barcelona MS. of the Malabar coasts.—­Stanley.

[108] See Vol.  IV, p. 222, note 31; also Delgado (ut supra), pp. 667-669.  Delgado says that bonga signifies fruit.

[109] Tagal, tuko.—­Rizal.

[110] This word in the original is visitandolas; Rizal makes it irritandolas (shaking or irritating them), but there are not sufficient grounds for the change.