[61] A name given it by the Spaniards.  Its Tagal name is kanin.—­Rizal.

[62] The fish mentioned by Morga is not tainted, but is the bagoong.—­Rizal.

[63] A term applied to certain plants (Atmaranthus, Celosia, etc.) of which the leaves are boiled and eaten.

[64] From the Tagal tuba, meaning sap or juice.—­Rizal.

[65] The Filipinos have reformed in this respect, due perhaps to the wine-monopoly.  Colin says that those intoxicated by this wine were seldom disagreeable or dangerous, but rather more witty and sprightly; nor did they show any ill effects from drinking it.—­Rizal.

[66] This weapon has been lost, and even its name is gone.  A proof of the decline into which the present Filipinos have fallen is the comparison of the weapons that they manufacture now, with those described to us by the historians.  The hilts of the talibones now are not of gold or ivory, nor are their scabbards of horn, nor are they admirably wrought.—­Rizal.

Balarao, dagger, is a Vissayan word.—­Stanley.

[67] The only other people who now practice head-hunting are the Mentenegrins.—­Stanley.

[68] A Tagal word meaning oar.—­Stanley.

[69] A common device among barbarous or semi-civilized peoples, and even among boatmen in general.  These songs often contain many interesting and important bits of history, as well as of legendary lore.

[70] Karang, signifying awnings.—­Rizal and Stanley.

[71] The Filipinos, like the inhabitants of the Marianas—­who are no less skilful and dexterous in navigation—­far from progressing, have retrograded; since, although boats are now built in the islands, we might assert that they are all after European models.  The boats that held one hundred rowers to a side and thirty soldiers have disappeared.  The country that once, with primitive methods, built ships of about 2,000 toneladas, today [1890] has to go to foreign ports, as Hong-Kong, to give the gold wrenched from the poor, in exchange for unserviceable cruisers.  The rivers are blocked up, and navigation in the interior of the islands is perishing, thanks to the obstacles created by a timid and mistrusting system of government; and there scarcely remains in the memory anything but the name of all that naval architecture.  It has vanished, without modern improvements having come to replace it in such proportion as, during the past centuries, has occurred in adjacent countries....—­Rizal.

[72] It seems that some species of trees disappeared or became very scarce because of the excessive ship-building that took place later.  One of them is the betis.—­Rizal.

Blanco states (Flora, ed. 1845, p. 281) that the betis (Azaola betis) was common in Pampanga and other regions.