But each successive depression in shipping unrolls the resources of the mind, and there are evolved new ideas which disclose advantages hitherto unknown.  They may not be great, but they are usually sufficient to make it possible to carry on a profitable trade instead of stopping altogether or working at a loss.  It was this that brought the Switchback into existence:  a vessel, by the way, which has a short, deep well forward; a long bridge; raised after deck; and a long well and poop aft.  Then came the Turret, and then the Trunk; and last, the Single Decker on the “three-deck rule.”  I do not believe it possible that any of these will ever founder if they are properly handled, if their cargoes are properly stowed, and if no accident to machinery or stearing-gear occurs.  They may come into collision with something, run on to a sand-bank or reef, and then founder, but not by force of hard buffeting.  I am persuaded that the chances are a thousand to one in favour of them pulling through any storm in any ocean.  But this is not all that can be said of them.  The men that compose the crew have spacious, comfortable, healthy quarters, whereas in the old days, besides the prospect of being taken to Davy Jones’s locker, men were housed in veritable piggeries:  leaky, insanitary hovels, not good enough to bury a dead dog in.

CHAPTER VII

WAGES AND WIVES

When I first went to sea, and for many a long day after, I used to hear the sailors who were more than a generation my seniors, talking of the wages they received during the Russian war aboard collier brigs trading from the north-east coast ports to London, France, and Holland.  They used to speak of it with restrained emotion, and pine for an outbreak of hostilities anywhere, so long as it would bring to them a period of renewed prosperity!  Able seamen boasted of their wages exceeding by two or three pounds a voyage what the masters were getting.  It was quite a common occurrence at that time for colliers to be manned entirely with masters and mates.  They stowed away their dignity, and took advantage of the larger pay by accepting a subordinate position.  Of course it was the scarcity of men that gave them the opportunity.  They were paid in some cases nine to twelve pounds a voyage, which occupied on an average four weeks.  The normal pay was four to five pounds a voyage for each man, all food, with the exception of coffee, tea, and sugar, being found.  The close of the big war brought, as it always does, a reaction, and it is safe to say that collier seamen have never been paid so liberally since.  The racing with these extraordinary craft was as eagerly engaged in as it was with any of the tea clippers.  It was an exciting feature of the trade which carried many of them to their doom almost joyously.  Their masters were paid eight pounds per voyage, and if their vessels were diverted from coasting to foreign