[Footnote 191:  As an illustration how much these ideas were in the air, the reader may refer to a passage in Sedaine’s popular comedy, The Philosopher without knowing it (1765), Act II. sc. 4.  Vanderk, among other things, says of the merchant:  “Ce n’est pas un temple, ce n’est pas une seule nation qu’il sert; il les sert toutes, et en est servi:  c’est l’homme de l’univers.  Quelques particuliers audacieux font armer les rois, la guerre s’allume, tout s’embrase, l’Europe est divisee:  mais ce negociant anglais, hollandais, russe ou chinois, n’en est pas moins l’ami de mon coeur:  nous sommes sur la superficie de la terre autant de fils de soie qui lient ensemble les nations, et les ramenent a la paix par la necessite du commerce; voila, mon fils, ce que c’est qu’un honnete negociant.”]

[Footnote 192:  The younger sister of Diderot’s Sophie.]

[Footnote 193:  xviii. 454.]

[Footnote 194:  See below, the chapter on Rameau’s Nephew.]

[Footnote 195:  Nov. 10, 1770; xix. 22.]

[Footnote 196:  See, for instance, xix. 81, 91, 129, 133, 145, etc.—­passages which Mr. Carlyle and Rosenkranz have either overlooked, or else, without any good reason, disbelieved.]

[Footnote 197:  xviii. 293.]

[Footnote 198:  xix. 46.]

[Footnote 199:  xix. 84.  See also 326.]

[Footnote 200:  xix. 137, 341, etc.]

[Footnote 201:  xviii. 535.]

[Footnote 202:  xviii. 507, etc.]

[Footnote 203:  xviii. 526, 531.]

[Footnote 204:  Nov. 2, 1759; xviii. 431.]

[Footnote 205:  xix. 82.]

[Footnote 206:  xix. 139.]

[Footnote 207:  xix. 107.]

[Footnote 208:  xix. 181.]

[Footnote 209:  xix. 81.]

[Footnote 210:  xix. 149.]

[Footnote 211:  xix. 90.]

[Footnote 212:  xix. 163, 164.]

[Footnote 213:  Sept. 20, 1765; xix. 179-187.]

[Footnote 214:  xviii. 476, 478.]

[Footnote 215:  xviii. 479.  Comte writes more seriously somewhat in the same sense:  “For thirty centuries the priestly castes of China, and still more of India, have been watching our Western transition; to them it must appear mere agitation, as puerile as it is tempestuous, with nothing to harmonise its different phases but their common inroad upon unity.” Positive Polity, iv. 11 (English Translation)]

[Footnote 216:  xix. 233.]

[Footnote 217:  Voltaire’s Satire on the Economists.]

[Footnote 218:  Oct. 8, 1768; xix. 832.]

[Footnote 219:  xviii. 509.]

[Footnote 220:  xviii. 513.]

[Footnote 221:  xviii. 511-513.]

[Footnote 222:  xix. 244.]

[Footnote 223:  xviii. 459.]

[Footnote 224:  xix. 259.]

[Footnote 225:  Lettres de Mdlle. de Lespinasse, viii. p. 20. (Ed. Asse, 1876.)]

[Footnote 226:  Aug. 1, 1769; xix. 365.]