It would be difficult to find gloomier dungeons, even in the worst strongholds of despotism, than those in which the State prisoners of Venice were confined.  These “pozzi,” or wells, were sunk in the thick walls, under the flooring of the chamber at the foot of the Bridge of Sighs.  There were twelve of them formerly, and they ran down three or four stories.  The Venetian of old time abhorred them as deeply as his descendants, who, on the first arrival of the conquering French, attempted to block or break up the lowest of them, but were not entirely successful; for, when Byron was in Venice, it was not uncommon for adventurous tourists to descend by a trap-door, and crawl through holes, half choked by rubbish, to the depth of two stories below the first range.  So says the writer of the Notes to the fourth canto of “Childe Harolde” (Byron’s friend Hobhouse, if our memory serves), who adds, “If you are in want of consolation for the extinction of patrician power, perhaps you may find it there.  Scarcely a ray of light glimmers into the narrow gallery which leads to the cells, and the places of confinement themselves are totally dark.  A little hole in the wall admitted the damp air of the passages, and served for the introduction of the prisoner’s food.  A wooden pallet, about a foot or so from the ground, was the only furniture.  The conductors tell you a light was not allowed.  The cells are about five paces in length, two and a half in width, and seven feet in height.  They are directly beneath one another, and respiration is somewhat difficult in the lower holes.  Only one prisoner was found when the Republicans descended into these hideous recesses, and he is said to have been confined sixteen years.”  When the prisoner’s hour came he was taken out and strangled in a cell upon the Bridge of Sighs!

And this was in Venice!  The grand old Republic which was once the greatest Power of Eastern Europe; the home of great artists and architects, renowned the world over for arts and arms; the Venice of “blind old Dandolo,” who led her galleys to victory at the ripe old age of eighty; the Venice of Doge Foscari, whose son she tortured, imprisoned and murdered, and whose own paternal, patriotic, great heart she broke; the Venice of gay gallants, and noble, beautiful ladies; the Venice of mumming, masking, and the carnival; the bright, beautiful Venice of Shakspeare, Otway, and Byron; joyous, loving Venice; cruel, fatal Venice!

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MODERN SATIRE.—­A satire on everything is a satire on nothing; it is mere absurdity.  All contempt, all disrespect, implies something respected, as a standard to which it is referred; just as every valley implies a hill.  The persiflage of the French and of fashionable worldlings, which turns into ridicule the exceptions and yet abjures the rules, is like Trinculo’s government—­its latter end forgets its beginning.  Can there be a more mortal, poisonous consumption and asphyxy of the mind than this decline and extinction of all reverence?—­Jean Paul.